Nowhere Without A Mentor Essay

As the journey called life unfolds, imagine what one would be without mentors. Mentor is a vague word used to describe a person who helps another, who is trusted by another, who is a counselor to another, but most of all is someone who influences another. With no mentors or guides the title character in the novel Siddhartha by Herman Hesse, would not have found self. The three characters that have the greatest influence on Siddhartha are Gotama Buddha, Kamala and Vasudeva. From Gotama Buddha, Siddhartha realizes he would rather walk his own path than follow another’s. After pursuing Buddha’s followings with his companion Govinda, Siddhartha has a revelation while he is conversing with Gotama. † ‘That is why I am going on my way- not to seek another and better doctrine, for I know there is none, but to leave all doctrines and all teachers and to reach my goal alone- or die’ â€Å"(34). This quote shows how Gotama has influenced Siddhartha to seek Self unaccompanied, marking a significant turning point in Siddhartha’s journey. Subsequent to Siddhartha’s encounter with Buddha, he meets a beautiful woman named Kamala who drastically changes him. The author of Siddhartha explains in detail how the title character slowly takes on characteristics of average citizens while living with Kamala. â€Å"Gradually, along with his growing riches, Siddhartha himself acquired some of the characteristics of the ordinary people, some of their childishness and some of their anxiety†(77). At this point in the novel, Siddhartha begins to be disgusted with himself, and recognizes that life with Kamala is not the place he should be in to find peace. Shortly after he apprehends this, Siddhartha leaves Kamala only to find a peaceful Ferryman, named Vasudeva who introduces Siddhartha to a river. In the following quote, Vasudeva explains to Siddhartha the power of the river that they live by. â€Å"‘The river knows everything; one can learn everything from it'†(105). This quote shows how Vasudeva introduced Siddhartha to the river that led him to find peace. After Siddhartha’s long journey and his encounters with many people who influence him, he finds peace within himself. The three characters that have  the greatest influence on Siddhartha are Gotama Buddha, Kamala and Vasudeva. Gotama Buddha helps Siddhartha realize that peace is found without teachers, Kamala changes Siddhartha into an ordinary citizen and Vasudeva introduces Siddhartha to a river that leads him to find peace. Although Siddhartha has much help during his journey to find peace, his own strong will is the deciding factor in him reaching his goal.

Pintura Ecuatoriana

SALLY SWANSONG CASE Possibilities – Alternatives for both parts: Sally (1) and Lyric Opera Company(2) 1 2 Sally should not sing in this opera, she could do that in other opportunity| Lyric Opera Company should contract to other young opera singer to the principle role| She could teach to any another young opera singers. | It could contract an opera singer with experience or anyone whose it could not have to pay a lot of money| Looking for the principle role in other musical| Looking for another cheap principal singer with experience. Looking for a job in others places or public activities related to the art world in order to be recognized once again e. g. TV commercials. It could be accessible, because of her experience. | Contracting a very well-known opera singer, not only national, so international one. Announcing that by press conference to reduce extra marketing expenses. | Having the principal role as the opera singer, collecting not a high salary because of the uncertai n result of the audience. Offering the main role to a secondary opera singer, emphasizing that it would be a great opportunity to her career. | 1. Two possible alternatives: Sally: (-) Looking for another title role in another place by another company, using their experience and she would be able to relaunch her career in this way. (+) Getting the contract with this company. As a result, having successful and getting recognition. Lyric Opera Company: (-) Hire another opera singer in the title role as cheaply as possible (it is mportant to emphasize that she would have only three weeks to the opening) (+) To win time, it can contract to Sally with a little margin of negative answer of the audience because of her experience, possible conventions and good benefits in terms of money (because it is not a good show, it could pay the minimum to Sally) 2. Lyric Opera Company, Sally and us – Interest LYRIC OPERA COMPANY: * $ (All related to money) Winning more than they expected a per centage of 85%. Saving as much as possible ($). Hiring a principal opera singer at the lowest price possible for avoiding budget problems * They want to designate the primary role of the play at the shortest possible time because the premiere would be in three weeks. * Maintain its prestige * In monetary terms, To be successful is necessary to sell over 85% of the locations * No problems during the premiere with the principal opera singer SALLY: * To be recognized, resurging as the phoenix bird. It could be possible if she had only the principle role, * Relaunching her career. Achieving contract with Lyric Opera company to access better paying to future roles * To succeed, it is necessary that the play could have the necessary promotions and marketing suitable for proper ticket sales (over 80%) * Having the TV Contract to $ 45000 WE: * Having recognition for Sally case, being this our first job. * Achieving a commission in line with sales and the success of the play * Give all the b enefices to Sally in this case, to satisfy her necessities and be recommended later, so it is important to achieve the contract with the TV to $ 45,000 or projecting her career in the future * If we manage a ood bargain in the case of Sally, we could achieve reputation 3. WIN TO WIN options What happen if Sally performs the Opera? Result: Both WIN WIN TO WIN| Sally| If Sally does the title role of the opera, she will get the revival and recognition. And she will have more than commissions, which was looking for futures contracts and other activities, immersed in the art world. Lyric Opera Company| Hiring Sally who has experience, thus reducing the time of preparation for the premiere of the soon play; it is more predictable for the company, so it could solve the main problem of â€Å"looking for the principal opera singer†| Us (legal representatives)| Being our first case, the success of Sally, will benefice us in terms of recognition. | Additionally: * As marketing program, it could be a good option to make agreements with institutions such as the educational, cultural in order to increase ticket sales for the play and it would be possible to achieve the 80% provided by the company to be considered a success.As Sally does not charge commission for this agreement, Lyric Opera Cia could be benefited from the sale of tickets, without having invested heavily in promotions. * In terms of money, Opera Company can hire Sally with a fixed value that is 15% or 20% less than market price. So, Sally could have her contract, and Opera Company hires someone before the premiere of the play at a lower cost * If it gets 85% predicted, it will be given to the respective payment to Sally and commissions.If it is not possible â€Å"sales expectations†, it could represent less payment or the minimum to Sally. But the company must comply with the relevant marketing, then If Sally gets the lead role, and she could relaunch her career for futures contracts, she may ma ke donations to Lyric Opera Cia. * Because of her experience, and the success he had in the past, there are people who continue following her so the Company can use his name for marketing campaigns. What happen if other Soprano performs the Opera? Result: WIN TO WIN| Sally| . | Lyric Opera Company| | Us (legal representatives)| |

Article Review Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Article Review - Term Paper Example Health related issues are under constant research and scrutiny. In order to present a point of view regarding health it is imperative to present it with proper data. Many articles are published in different journals, magazines and newspapers regarding health. It is difficult to keep track of all and it is equally difficult for the writers to get the attention of the readers. In order to be a good article it is necessary for the writer to present facts and figure in as simple language as possible. The article under review was authored by Peter P. Egeghy, Rogelio Tornero-Velez, and Stephen M. Rappaport, who are part of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering at the School of Public Health, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill. The study, entitled â€Å"Environmental and Biological Monitoring of Benzene during Self-Service Automobile Refueling†, was an attempt to quantify benzene exposure and uptake in the general public. The purpose of the article i s to create awareness among the people regarding Benzene exposure. It is a serious public health concern but the data regarding the health hazards are not available. It is also an attempt to educate the people how to avoid exposure to Benzene. The writers have presented their arguments in logical sequence. They are able to support their arguments with facts and figures. In order to obtain these facts the authors have adopted the self-administered monitoring technique. First of all they have discussed the amount of Benzene and its source. After this they have discussed about the effects of Benzene and how people are exposed to it. They have selected people most exposed to the Benzene and provided them with kits for collection of data. The details of the kit are given in order to make the study authentic and reliable. The writers have also compared the kits used in the study with other kits. They have conducted their study during July 1998 and March 1999 and samples were collected in three different seasons excluding winter season. The details about the subjects are also given in order to make the study more reliable and trustworthy. For making data more reliable the repeated measurements were taken. The process of conditioning the data and analysis are mentioned in detail. This detail includes the usage of different procedures and different apparatuses at different levels. This detail is supported by giving data in tables and charts. These details are helpful for experts and students. They also give authentication to the study. Form this writers come to the result obtained after the procedures adopted. First they give the sampling rate of Benzene in passive monitors used during the kit. Then they have given the detail of CO2 content in breath samples. The writers have also shown the data for the stability of the samples and the concentration level. After this the writers have mentioned about the variations among subjects and within subject. This is followed by the quantity of Benzene in breath and Benzene exposure. This is followed by the evaluation and estimate of the study by the writers. Under the heading of discussion the writers have discussed different aspects of their study and compared it with other conventional studies. They have acknowledged the fact that their study was simple but remarkably the results they have found are very close to other studies conducted. This portion is important as here the writers have

Reflecting on creative writing piece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflecting on creative writing piece - Essay Example As his mother approached, Till dropped his eyes automatically back to the simultaneous equations he was working on. â€Å"When I am older† he thought, â€Å"and when I am done with school I will train to be an astronaut and go out looking for Goldilocks planets across the galaxy.† Till’s eyes wandered away from the numbers and looked out of the window. The sun sat fixed and still in his place, casting his cool red glow over the world, as if to say, yes young man, one day you will train for the fleet and join the Goldilocks expeditionary force in search of worlds beyond even your imagination. The object that I used as my starting point was the phrase â€Å"Goldilocks planet† and an artist’s rendering of a discovery announced on 30th Sept 2010 of the first truly earth like planet which has just the right conditions for life. I decided I would write about this from the point of view of the new planet, not from earth, but I wanted to keep this fact in suspense, and create an impression at first that the writing was from a human and earth- bound perspective. I tried to make the opening as normal as possible, so I chose a kid sitting at a breakfast bar, in front of a tv screen, half doing his homework and half watching tv. My first draft contained phrases that referred to time, for example, â€Å"has been announced this morning† and â€Å"One day, when I am done with school† but when I read the text over, I realised that time is all relative to the sun and the earth, and that in a different solar system there would not necessarily be days or mornin gs, since this new Goldilocks discovery apparently faces its dwarf star sun all the time and does not rotate. I took out these references and made them general. Then I checked for consistency and changed all the color references too, making them applicable to a spectrum dominated by red. I learned that science fiction is

Project Procurement Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Project Procurement Management - Assignment Example Which contract type should be used by ABC Consulting? A. Purchase Order B. Cost plus Fee C. Fixed cost D. Time and Material 3. Joe’s Plumbing Ltd. is planning to buy ten business grade laptops for $1,500 each from a leading computer supplier. Which type of contract will generally be used in this case? A. Purchase Order B. Cost plus Fee C. Fixed cost D. Time and Material 4. A bookstore is getting 200 computers and a POS system installed from a vendor. The vendor will be paid the costs involved and a 10% incentive. Which contract will be used in this case? A. CPPC B. CPIF C. CPFF D. Fixed Cost 5. Sophie is a Project Manager. She is coordinating a bidder conference to allow vendors to get clarification on the work that needs to be performed. Which phase of Project Management is in progress? A. Conduct Procurements B. Plan Procurements C. Administer Procurements D. Close Procurements 6. A significant difference between independent estimates and proposed pricing from respondents to an RFP could mean that: A. The independent estimates are most likely incorrect and the proposed pricing correct B. The SOW was not adequately defined C. The prospective seller either misunderstood or failed to respond fully to the SOW D. b or c E. a or c 7. Which of the following are examples of indirect costs? A. Salaries of corporate executives B. Salaries of full-time project staff C. Overhead costs (such as building rent and office equipment) D. a and b E. a and c 8. Which of the following contract types places the greatest risk on the seller? A. Cost-plus-fixed-fee contract B. Cost plus-incentive-fee contract C. Time and Materials contract D. Fixed-price-incentive contract E. Firm-fixed-price contract 9. Which is not an element of procurement management? A. Purchasing B. Expediting C. Acquisition D. Marketing E. C and D 10. Requesting the submission of proposals from sellers to perform work is the avenue for acquiring most projects. The proposals, when submitted, must contain specific items to obligate or bind the tendering organization. The most important item is? A. A complete description of the work to be performed B. The list of legal terms and conditions C. The signature of a corporate officer of the seller D. A statement of work that describes how the work will be accomplished E. A firm price for the complete work to be performed 11. _____ is a formal invitation to submit a price for goods and / or services as specified. A. Bid response B. Request for quotation C. Intention to bid D. Invitation for bid E. Request for proposal 12. Payment bonds are often required by the contract and require specific actions under the stated conditions. Payment bonds are specifically designed to ensure payment of ______ by the prime contractor. A. Insurance premiums B. Weekly payrolls C. Incremental earned value charges D. Subcontractors, laborers, and materials E. Damages for accidents caused 13. Some contracts are not completed because the contractor or vendor fail s or refuses to complete the contractual conditions of a signed agreement. This situation is called a______ for which damages can be assigned. A. Breach B. Stop-work C. Flawed contract D. Contract in situ E. None of the above 14. The project manager is responsible for all the activities within a project and interfaces with external functions, all of which consume his time. Therefore, when a contract administrator is assigned to the project, the project manager ________ the contract. A. Does not need to

Constructualism and Deontology Frameworks in Business Ethics Essay

Constructualism and Deontology Frameworks in Business Ethics - Essay Example The care theory has recently depicted to have begun to gain universalist credentials it previously lacked and not to be subject to the limitations of other two paradigms in some key aspects; but that it still carries a conceptual development to do in order to become a practical framework for global business ethics. Weber (1926) argued that most people’s moral decisions are guided by one of two quite different personal frameworks; the ethnics of conviction or responsibility. Conviction covers what one believes to be right, but is normally trumped by responsibility which is what one actually does, on the rationalization of needing to keep the family fed. Conviction resonates with justice, responsibility resonates with care. This doesn’t mean that ethics of conviction indicates lack of responsibility, or ethics of responsibility a lack of conviction. This shows the divide between private and public life, between our office and family, Kohlberg’s framework resolves t his in favour of the public and private. Contractarianism has the conviction ethic that honouring agreements is generally good, but also bears the responsibility ethic that moral commitments arise only from contractual privities between specific individuals including those signing marriage contracts. Contractarian theories are usually placed at only stage five of Kohlberg’s six stage paradigm; at stage six are deontic ethical frameworks illustrated by Kant’s unconditional imperative. Deontic rules are universal and general. Contractarian rules are specific and apply to people who have accepted them previously. The common perspective is that the positions they occupy are as a result of reasoned deliberation, without necessarily sourcing in emotion. Both frameworks attributed to hypothetical states of nature in which people coolly reason among them, which sets of rules will be minimally essential for the life or projects that they are about to board. Kohlberg stage three origins is more soberly viewed as compromising and it’s core of integrated social contract theory to that dominance wholly depends much on a very problematic strength of inner morality of contracts. Van Oosterhout et al (2006) attempts to advance their ambition to stigmatize other contract theoreticians as distress from â€Å"contractual follies†. He further clarifies that the four â€Å"contractual follies† all displays deception, defeasance, mellifluous alliteration and defection. This is unusual happy linguistic fluke. Writers give the occasional baseless assertion amongst an otherwise heavily argued and stranded citation text. Discourse manipulation is beyond more vocal cosmetics and very critical to the writers’ thesis. Contractualism and contractarianism, entails prior commitments to individualism, freedom, private property rights and possibility of free market exchange. The approach involves dedication to reasonableness and basic institutions, ack nowledging foundational and privileged role of reasoned and voluntary human responsibility. Before Van Oosterhout, contractualism was originally explained by Dunfee & Donaldson (1994) as lying in the middle of ethical relativism and ethical absolutism in a manner that combines private contracts with deeper societal contracts. It recognizes the power of such key trans-cultural truths as the idea that all humans be worthy of respect. It resides in a ‘moral free space’ where fiscal communities and nations have their own

Safe Guarding Sensitive Database Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Safe Guarding Sensitive Database - Assignment Example For Vista, choose Start, Search, click the down arrow on the right side of Advanced Search, then select Date modified in the Date drop-down menu which is on the left. Here, you then look for any recently created, altered or renamed files. If you find what you are looking for, to be safe, save it in at least two different storage devices. b) -Â  Identity proofing, registration and credential delivery which bind an identity to a token. Depending on the level of assurance necessary for the system, this process is done either remotely or in person. It includes: Remote authentication mechanisms: This is the combination of authentication protocols credentials and tokens which are used in establishing the subscription of the claimant’s authenticity as a subscriber. Assertion mechanisms: This is used to communicate remote authentication results to other parties. They are issued by verifiers pertaining to claimants as a result of a successful authentication, and they are either signed in a digital way by their issuers or by direct way of obtaining, by presenting parties from a trustworthy party through a protocol with secure authentication. They would not be the same for a bank versus a school since in a bank, the authentication protocols present a way a claimant can establish the token control to a verifier without compromise but with a school, such high level of security is not required since they don’t run a high-risk business. They do not hold highly sensitive documents as it is with a bank (Williams & Simoff, 2006). a) Age, gender/sex and socio-economic status: In analyzing the audience, I will first determine the primary age group and gender of your audience, audience’s race and/or cultural background, my audience location in terms of their country/state/city, their education level, socio-economic status and religion. b) What I believe I can do as a speaker to respond to the audience’s listening goals is focusing on what they are interested in since it is a common thing to see.

Operation Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 17000 words

Operation Management - Assignment Example gy, Infrastructure, Globalization: 35 Chapter 3: Existing Problems and Weaknesses of Operations Management in the Company: 36 Part 1: Reduced Earnings in the Recent Years: 36 Part 2: Independent Franchise Dealers Being Weaknesses: 38 Part 3: Weaknesses of Operations Management Leadership Program: 39 Part 4: Problems with Plant Applications Production Management: 40 Chapter 4: Need for Re-orientation: 41 Part 1: Overcoming the Problems with Operations and Reorient towards More Cost Effective Operations Management: 42 Part 2: GE Invests Over EUR 85 Million In Germany For Operations Reorientation: 43 Part 3: Improving the Entry Level Leadership Programs for Better Management: 45 Conclusion and Recommendations: 46 References 50 Introduction: Operations management of any business organization deals with the management and operations of products and processes, and supply and delivery of products and services from the company to its end consumers (What is Operations Management? 2013). Thus it involves optimized utilization of available resources towards effective production and delivery of products and services. There are different levels of operations followed in an organization depending on which strategies and tactics are planned (What is Operations Management? 2013). Areas of business concerned with management of production and distribution of products: Logistics and supply chain management are essential parts of the operations management of a business organization that is concerned with the administration of production and distribution of products. Logistics enables a planned structure for the flow of production and information throughout the business (Sekhar 2009). Thus the different processes of operations are linked with the help of logistics. Supply chain management is in charge of the entire responsibility of production of products and services and passing them to the end consumers without causing delay in the processes. The basic functions concerned by the supply chain include design of the products, procurement, production, management of demand, and distribution (Sekhar 2009). Product design is concerned with generating products that can satisfy the needs of consumers. It involves design of the product, its engineering and packaging as well. Procurement refers to gathering the necessary materials in order to produce the actual products (Sekhar 2009). Production is the process that transforms the raw materials into finished products to be offered to the customers. Demand management involves managing the flow of the demand from the market with the ability of the company to meet the demands (Sekhar 2009). Distribution is the

You should evaluate the lesson we did what went well, and what didnt Article - 1

You should evaluate the lesson we did what went well, and what didnt. What would you change if you taught the lesson again - Article Example ccess of this lesson plan was that it aimed at sparking interest in students; for example, they were asking to write central ideas and details about their favorite vacation spots in activity 2, leading to the main discussion of the topic. This way, they could view their personal choices in a bigger picture. Graphic organizers were used, which would have proven to be fantastic help for visual learners. Hence, this lesson plan is quite splendid as it encompasses all kinds of students who benefitted through group learning and visual aids. One discrepancy that might get noticed is that it does not include the question-answer session at the end of the lesson. Students must be asked what they learned or what they could not understand, so as to get a better idea about the success of this lesson plan. A short quiz or a question-answer session might just do the task, as it will allow the students to exhibit their understanding of the topic right before leaving the

How strategic business management can attain its objectives without Research Proposal

How strategic business management can attain its objectives without affecting employees and customers - Research Proposal Example The researcher states that in strategic business management, there are various guiding theories, principles and practices. These are intended to steer the fundamental goals and objectives of the company in the context of increasing sales and covering wider areas of the market. Additionally, the writer continues to state that, with well-stipulated management principles and theories, there are bound to be challenges. Alternatively, Drucker compliment what Cousins talks of the clear stipulation of corporate objectives. On that aspect, the two authors want managers and workers to understand the various concepts and principles of management and how to, effectively, utilize resources of the company. Furthermore, by understanding management, managers and employees are able to work in smooth coordination, which is beneficial for the business and company in terms of increased clients. Similarly, the authors call for constant evaluation of management goals through retrainings and adoption of m odern technology. On the other hand, Davenport mentions and explains the various approaches that are critical for both managers and workers in the strategic innovation of the economy on the basis of dynamic innovations. For example, the author explains the need to employ tools such as suitable technology, qualified workers and offering motivational incentives to workers. In addition, he explains about visionary leadership on the side of managers and response to complaints from the customers among others as the most paramount tools of effecting strategic change in business. (Davenport 2007, p.67). However, Steve, J (2009) have come up with five imperative disciplines when it comes to exemplary performance for any company. These disciplines include respect for clients, timely provisions of products and services, clear study of the market demands, motivation of the workforce through better wages and encouragement and effective leadership (Steve 2009, p.56). Furthermore, the writers obs erve that companies should accept modern challenges that afflict businesses hence affecting strategic management as ways of improving on their strong areas. On that perspective, Brutus (2006) discusses in depth the challenges that afflict organizational management in terms of the dynamics employed to increase sales and improve on profits. Similarly, the author delves into the setbacks that affect companies when they face challenges such as poor leadership from top management, unmotivated employees and slow response from customers, which in turn affects the market demand, and hence company sales (Brutus 2006, p.110). Additionally, this interferes with strategic management set by company executives and the obligation of meeting them on time. 2. The Conceptual Framework Therefore, in terms of a conceptual framework, several factors involved will be drawn from the literature studied previously. However, the research proposal must mention that effective strategic business management is p aramount for the success of any company that aspires to succeed (Carl, 2003, p.87). Similarly, utilization of resources, quick response to client complaints and adoption of initiatives targeted at advancement of the company has several benefits for long and short terms. Alternatively, business managers and other corporate executives should aim at incorporating the various stakeholders such as clients and competitors in the picture of drafting workable strategic business management. On that aspect, this research proposal cannot forget to mention the predicaments associated with strategic business management. For instance, undefined goals and objectives set by company executives and lack of through of the market pattern among other limitations. On that prospect, factors such as timely adoption of technology,

Five key different functional activities Essay Example for Free

Five key different functional activities Essay Set out the main points of the contribution of five key different functional activities carried out in a selected business organisation towards its strategic aims and objectives. Human Resources Human Resources will be in charge of employing all new staff that the business need. However in order for this to work, Human Resources need to know what kind of staff they need how many. HR will also go through all the applications of the applicants; this will happen so they can narrow the amount of people to be interviewed down. They will narrow it down by seeing if the person can offer what the company requires. For Tescos this will be good communication skills, working with others and working alone, this is because Tesco want to know if the employee will be able to offer customer service at the standard of Tesco. If the employees do this then they will be able to achieve their aims and objectives of the business as they are to treat all customers how they wanted to be treated and to try harder for customers then anyone else. Marketing Marketing makes the audience aware that there is a specific product out there. However in order to market the product, the department have to know how much it is going to cost, how much it will roughly cost them, what size, colour and design will take form before marketing the product itself. Marketing will be via Radio, Television, Newspapers, Flyers, and Billboards etc. as these are the main forms of marketing a product. Tesco will Market via television and radio. They will put the adverts on television during times when many audiences would be watching, e.g. during the breaks of a Saturday night show. Tesco would put adverts on radio during rush hour time on the most listened to radio station to get more audiences. However the unique thing about the Tesco adverts is that they will give offers on products. By Tesco showing their products to the public via marketing by means of TV, radio etc. it will encourage people to come to Tescos to buy their products; this will consequently lead to more sales and more customer service this means Tesco have used marketing to get to their overall aims and objectives, which is to try harder for customer. Customer Service For a business to get more customers they will need customer service at the highest quality; this means providing a quick and an effective service. Also customer service will include things such as having in depth knowledge about products and being able to sell them describing the product(s) and its features well enough will help to get the customer interested. If you have sold the product to a certain customer and they come back saying it doesnt work then you will have to give a customer service at the highest quality and give them a replacement while you fix theirs; this could mean resolving complaints quicker and effectively. For Tesco they would provide a quick, reliable and effective service to the customers as their mission statement is to provide a life long loyalty to their customers. If a customer brought a product from Tesco e.g. a DVD player and it didnt work then Tesco will exchange / replace the customers product until theirs is fixed, or give them discount on another product that is similar. Tesco also have a 48 hour customer complaint line where by Tesco get back to the customer(s) within 48 hours of receiving the complaint. If they do this they are achieving their aims and objectives because their aims are to try harder for customers and treat every customer how they want to be treated. Finance The finance department has to spend its money wisely; and spend at the right time for the business, e.g. to make an investment. They must also manage the budget of the company to make sure they are not over spending, but spending the right amount all items. They must also make sure they prioritise which functional areas are the most in need of the money in order to move forward. In order for Tescos to achieve their aims and objectives finance wise, they must make sure they are keeping track of the money used and to see if they are able to give discounts to their loyal customers. This way they can offer customers discounts on certain items or send them vouchers for certain things they can only do this by looking into their club card for what kind of items they buy on a regular basis and then give them discount on that. Also the Tesco finance team have been able to dig out some money to buy vans for home delivery. This way customers will be able to get products from the Tesco website and get it delivered to their doorstep, this way Tesco are achieving their aims and objectives because they are trying harder for the customer. Sales The sales team would sell the product(s) on sale. The more sales staff they employ the more chances of selling more products becomes more possible. However it is important to have the opening times longer during the day; (early start, late finish). The sales team may also have a website to sell their products and also give more information to the customers; in most cases internet sales are cheaper then buying them in the store. Tesco have an internet website; however you have to be a member, this way Tesco will get more customers. In Tesco stores that are all Tesco Extra, they will be open for 24 hours a day. They have people in certain areas of the supermarket that specialise in certain things, such as technology and mobile phones and they will have their own departments; where as someone else might be working with another person that specialise in the same thing which may be fruit and veg; and they would have their departments as well. Therefore if customers want something in particular they can go the department area; this way Tesco are able to sell their products to customers easily. Tesco also have many tills and self scanning services to achieve their aims and objectives; this is because customers will come in and be able to shop and take their products home quickly and easily, this way Tesco will be achieving their aims and objectives because they are trying harder for customer by making it easier for them to go certain areas of the supermarket and paying for the item e.g. electronics department / self scanning machines / tills.

Looking for Alabrandi and the Simple Gift Essay Example for Free

Looking for Alabrandi and the Simple Gift Essay Good morning teachers and fellow students. The idea that we continue on as we are: unchanged, unchanging is unbelievably illogical. In a time and world where things are constantly changing, it is impossible to be in existence without being affected by the process of change. Changes are inevitable, and they are happening everywhere around us. This idea is portrayed in the Prescribed film â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† and my ORT The Simple Gift by Steven Herrick. The meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances if there is a reaction, both are transformed. This quote by Psychologist Carl Jung is clearly evident in both texts looking for Alibrandi and The Simple Gift. During the opening scene of the film looking for Alibrandi there is a Qantas plane taking off or departing likewise in the Simple Gift the symbol of Change is more dramatic with Billy illegally riding the freight train out of town; he is unsure where he will end up. This is very contrasting to the symbolism of leaving in looking for Alibrandi where Josie believes she knows exactly what she wants to do, where she wants to go and who she wants to marry. Josie Meets Jacob Coote from cook high at a public speaking event, the two have an instant reaction it could even be described by chemical. Josie and Jacob are portrayed as opposites Josie’s believes that she is better than Jacob. When the Sydney schools have the first social event of the year Josie looks to John Barton (the son of the national liberal party leader) But john never asks her it is Jacob that asks her to dance, Jacob Says â€Å"It’s a pity you’re not school captain we could have been perfect† this highlights that Jacob is aware of Josie’s views towards him. In The Simple Gift Billy’s life changes significantly, as does Old Bill’s. When readers first get to know Old Bill, the technique of recounting is used as we learn why he is a homeless man. When Billy enters Old Bill’s life, he is prompted to change the way he lives. At first, Old Bill opposes these changes, as he swears â€Å"piss off kid†. He then begins to accept the changes as we observe him getting up early, having showers and quitting drinking. Old Bill’s attitudes towards change develop through the novel and by the end, he looks forward to change as he deals with his past When Billy first becomes homeless I believe that this moment is the catalyst for change in Billy’s life. Billy meets many challenges in this new place, such as where to sleep and where to find food. He meets these challenges head up, as he is determined to enter this new world and make a new life for himself. He sleeps in an old train carriage, and most of his meals are scraps from McDonalds. His attitude towards this change is enthusiastic and he feels that this change is beneficial for him. Josie meets thernominal challenges also with the death of John Barton, Josie’s world is thrown into turmoil and Josie seeks answers as to why someone like John Barton with all the things he had going for him would commit suicide. And asks the rhetorical question â€Å"I wonder what his parents will do with the sheets, will they throw them away or will they scrub and scrub so that they can always sleep on them.† Josie is in an emotional state for quite a while. One day on the train Josie and Jacob cross paths and Josie has a break down, Jacob comforts her. I believe that this is the catalyst of change for Josie between her and Jacob. Josie’s Initial reaction to her father Michael Andretti coming back into her life was nothing short of her dismissing him as a useless selfish object. This is parallel with the reaction of Billy towards his father. This is supported by the extracts ‘soulless tyranny’ of â€Å"the old bastard’ his father. This technique of expletive language is used to depict the poor relationship he shared with his father. I believe that Josie chooses to have a positive relationship with her father when she calls him after Josie hits Carly with one of her ancient history textbook. Michael gets Josie out of trouble at school and also changes Josie’s perception about fathers Josie now believes that fathers have a use, she is also growing quite fond of her father. Josie now stays at her father apartment on Sydney harbor on most weekends and enjoys spending time with her father. In the closing scene of the film it is exactly one year later on tomato day again and the picture quality is a lot sharper this conveys that Josie is clear about her decision to be there and even invites her friends over this time. The key idea conveyed in both â€Å"Looking for Alibrandi† and â€Å"The simple Gift† is quite nicely summed up by â€Å"The meeting of two personalities is like the contact of two chemical substances if there is a reaction, both are transformed† this is clearly evident in both with Josie’s relationships with Jacob Coote and her father Michael Andretti and Also for Billy with his relationships with Old Bill and Caitlin.

Subsonic And Transonic Flight

Subsonic And Transonic Flight There are basically three speed ranges for the flight of aircrafts, namely; subsonic, transonic and supersonic. All the three speed ranges were taken taking the speed of sound in a medium as a reference point. In this analysis, more emphasis is given to the former two which are subsonic and transonic flight. Subsonic flight refers to flying the aircraft at speeds less than the speed of sound with no formation of shockwaves. This is the speed range where most of the commercial aircrafts operate. The ratio of the speed of the aircraft and the speed of the sound is known as the Mach number. In technical terms for subsonic flight, the aircraft is flying at mach numbers which are less than Mach 1.0 since the aircraft is travelling at relatively lower speeds than the speed of sound. There are no shockwaves for aircrafts flying at subsonic speeds. This is because the acoustical disturbances generated by the passage of a subsonic aircraft, and the sound waves suffer attenuation with distance from the aircraft due to spherical spreading (Crocker, 2007). On the other hand, transonic flight deals with flying at higher subsonic speeds ranging from Mach 0.7 to approximately equal to Mach 1.0 (Aircraft Research Association, 2012). In transonic flight an aircraft flies at speeds less than the speed of sound, but with the presence of shockwaves. This leave a question of how is it possible that shockwaves form at speeds less than the speed of sound? But the answer to this question is explained by the movement of air around the aircraft. Far upstream from the aircraft, the motion of air is in uniform manner, all at the same speed. As the air come in contact with the aircraft, some regions of the air speeds up especially the air moving above the wings, creating a differential airspeed around the aircraft. These accelerate the air molecules and they end up moving very fast. These regions move faster than the speed of sound at transonic speeds, and these regions at all times end in a formation of a shockwave. DESIGN FEATURES THAT DELAY TRANSONIC FLIGHT PROBLEMS Different aircrafts are built in different ways, so the transonic region for a particular aircraft will depend on its design characteristics. There are many design features that can be employed in aircrafts to delay the transonic wave drag. In this analysis more emphasis will be on the use of thin aerofoils, use of low aspect ratio wings and the use of swept back wings. THE USE OF THIN AEROFOILS For transonic flow the wave drag rise is roughly proportional to the square of the thickness-chord ratio (NASA, No Date). This implies that when thinner aerofoil sections are used, the flow speeds around an aerofoil will be less than those for the thicker aerofoils, due to the minimum curvature of their upper and lower cambers. This give a clear indication that even at higher free-stream mach numbers, flight is possible before a sonic point appears and before the drag divergence Mach number. The drag divergence Mach number is the Mach number at which the aerodynamic drag increases rapidly as the Mach number continues to increase. It can be concluded that thinner aerofoils delay the drag divergence Mach number to a greater value. Thin aerofoils have got some disadvantages associated with their use even though they are very useful in solving transonic flow problems. Firstly, in the subsonic range of speeds they tend to be inefficient in producing lift. Also, given that the wing is too thin, it can accommodate less structure such as the structural support and fuel tanks of which means for such structures as the fuel tank they have to be embedded maybe under the fuselage. Aircrafts with thinner aerofoils also face common landing accidents due to their landing speeds which are particularly high. THE USE OF LOW ASPECT RATIO WINGS The wings aspect ratio is another factor that control the critical Mach number and the transonic drag rise. Aspect ratio is the ratio of the wingspan to its mean chord length. When looking at the aircraft from above the aspect ratio refers to the measure of how long and slender the wing appears. It is linked to the wing plan form arrangement as opposed to its cross-sectional arrangement. In this case the wingspan is the straight line distance connecting the two wingtips. Strike (2008, pp.45) clearly stated that high aspect ratio wings have an advantage in that they form low trailing edge vortices and thus reduce the induced drag. He further explain that induced drag is inversely proportional to aspect ratio, which implies wings with high aspect ratio produces low induced drag and the ones with low aspect ratios creates high induced drag. The picture below shows the configuration of both low aspect ratio wings, moderate aspect ratio wings and high aspect ratio wings. NASA (No Date) claims that an aircraft with an aspect ratio less than about four will experience a considerable increase in the critical Mach number. This become useful at high transonic speeds as the drag divergence Mach number is delayed as the critical Mach number is increase which means an aircraft can fly at high speeds before shockwaves form. Low aspect ratio wings are used at transonic speeds as there are structurally strong since the distance from the wing tip to the fuselage is not that big allowing agile manoeuvrability at high speeds. Nevertheless, the main disadvantage with low aspect ratio wings is the difficulties they face at subsonic speeds because of the higher induced drag. THE USE OF SWEPT WINGS Wing sweep as one of the aircraft design features has an important role in delaying the transonic flight problems. Most importantly swept wings can delay and reduce the effects of compressibility. The idea of swept wings in supersonic flight was put forward by Adolf Busemann in 1935 (NASA, No Date), the idea which most of the best aerodynamists didnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t agree with at first. In transonic flow, swept wings delay the formation of shock waves to a far much higher Mach number. This reduces the wave drag over all these mach numbers. Shockwaves depend on the span component that is 900 to the trailing edge, and this is a far much smaller component than actual airspeed in swept wings. Aircraft wings can be swept both forward and backwards. The disadvantage of forward sweep is its ability to lose stability and handling characteristics at low speeds. In backward sweep, the wing experiences early separation and stalling at the wing tip sections resulting in ailerons loosing roll control effectiveness. The figure below shows swept wings on a two-seat F-15E strike eagle. With swept wings, the major disadvantage is the span-wise flow along the wings and for sweepback the boundary layer will thicken towards the wing tips and towards the root for sweep-forward. This span-wise flow can be reduced in a number of ways. Firstly, stall fences can be used at wing tips. These are parallel plates to the axis of symmetry of the aircraft. Stall fences helps to prevent the build-up of a strong boundary layer over the ailerons, allowing effective functioning of the ailerons. Wing twist can also be another solution to the span-wise flow condition. EFFECTS OF ICE AND SNOW ON AIRCRAFTS The build-up of ice and snow on an aircraft can have catastrophic effects on the ground and in flight. This ice and snow can form on the parts of the aircraft during flight where the aircraft will be flying on very harsh weather conditions which can allow the freezing of water molecules at high altitudes since the temperatures are always very low. Ice can also form on an aircraft on the ground during taxing or when the aircraft is not in use and is not housed on a hangar. On cold and rainy day, rainwater can freeze on the upper surfaces of the wings and if not removed, this ice can have many different effects on the aircraft. In this section the effects of snow on the aircraft is going to be analysed fully. Ice is one of the foreign object debris which when left on the aircraft can pose a very critical threat to the aerodynamics and performance of an aircraft. It can also hinder the performance of the pilot who is controlling the aircraft. Considering the aerodynamics effects of ice, it can reshape the surfaces of the lift producing parts of the airplane thus the wings and the tail. This changes the aerodynamics of these parts completely such that more drag is produced and less lift. This increases fuel consumption. Wind tunnel and flight tests have been carried and it showed that frost, ice and snow on the upper surface of a wing can reduce lift by as much as 30% and increase drag by as much as 40% (CAA, 2000). The amount of the lift produced depends on the angle of attack thus the angle between the aerofoil chord line and the relative airflow. As the angle of attack is increased, the wing generates more and more lift until a certain angle where air cannot flow over the upper surface and the wing experiences aerodynamic stall. The point where stall commences has to do with the contour of the aerofoil. If the surface is contaminated with ice and snow it will be slightly rougher and this reduces the lift and alters the point at which stall takes place. Borrell (2009) claims that for scheduled air carriersà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ commercial passenger airlines inclusive icing has been a major factor in 9.5% of fatal air carrier accidents. During ground activities aircraft contamination with ice and snow lead to potential risks during takeoff and subsequent flight. These hazards are mostly sourced by the hindered flight controls or instruments and the deteriorated aerodynamic performance. If an aircraft has engines mounted at the rear of the fuselage, clear ice that has formed on the wings may become loose during flight due to flexing of the wings and may be ingested by the engines causing a possible engine blow or failure. In most cases engine failure is the result of icing within the engine fan blades or is because ice that has formed on the engine inlet has been ingested. Icing on the propeller blades can also cause a dangerous imbalance. It is vital therefore, that no aircraft should take-off before the pilot has ascertained that all the surfaces of an aircraft are ice/snow free. Ice can also cause an uncontrollable rolling and pitching motion on an aircraft and recovery might be impossible in cases where there is too much ice. These may lead to the airplane stalling at much higher speeds and lower angles of attack than normal. The other effect is that it can cause antennas to vibrate so severely that they break end up breaking. These can result in a communication barrier between the pilots on the aircraft with air traffic controllers on the ground or other pilots. These on its own has an upper hand of causing an aircraft crash. As ice forms on the windshield, the pilotà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s visibility may be lost leading to the pilot controlling the airplane on imagination which in most cases is a very dangerous threat. According to Brandon (2000), the weight of25mm of ice on a small general aviation aircraft would be about 30-40kg, which shows how much a little ice can have on the weight of the whole airplane, so there is no such thing as a little ice. SOLVING ICING PROBLEMS Aircraft icing problems can be overcome in a numerous ways which can be classified under the two sub topics of de-icing and anti-icing. De-icing are measures that are put in place to get rid of the ice that have already formed on the aircraft structure. This procedure of de-icing can be done with mechanical or pneumatic tools or with employment of warmed de-icing fluids. Mechanically, de-icer boots are fitted in sections along the leading edges of the wing, and horizontal and vertical stabilisers. The boots are made from natural rubber and fabrics made of rubbers between which are inflatable tubes closed at the ends. The tubes are then connected to the air supply. When in operation air is pushed in to the boots using the tubes hence increasing the pressure and as a result the bond between ice and the aircraft weakens and ice falls off. For de-icing using fluids, the liquid is applied along the centreline of the upper part of the fuselage, and then over the sides. The problem with allowing the aircraft structures to ice and then rely on de-icing is that some will be invisible to the human eye and sometimes left on the aircraft resulting in catastrophic effects during flight. On the other hand, anti-icing is a preventive way of not allowing the build-up of ice on the surfaces of the aircraft structures. Glycols act an important role in this operation because of their non volatile characteristics, non-toxic, non-corrosive and having low freezing points. Anti-icing is usually performed before takeoff as the liquid is usually effective for 10-20 minutes (RIA Novosti, 2013). Anti-icing systems on flight are usually turned on before approaching an icing zone. This systems are typically, carburettor heating, fuel vent heat, pitot heat and windshield heat. Anti-icing on the wings is done by spraying the fluid from the leading edges to the trailing edges of the wing. Anti-icing as a preventive measure is the method of the two since the user is assured of no ice formation on the aircraft hence minimum or no adverse effects of ice and snow build-up on aircraft structures. BIBLIOGRAPHY AOPA Air Safety Foundation (2008) Aircraft Icing. USA: Bruce Landsberg. Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand (2000) Aircraft Icing Handbook. New Zealand: CAA. Crocker, J. M. (2007) Handbook of noise and Vibration control. Canada: John Wiley Sons. Fly Folker (2009) Ground Icing. The Netherlands: Folker Services. Kermode, A.C. (2006) Mechanics of Flight. 11th Edition. England: Pearson Education Limited. Perk, L., Ryerson, C.C. and Martel, C.J. (2002) Army Aircraft Icing. Hanover: U.S Army Engineer Research and Development Centre. Aircraft Research Association (2012) Experimental Aerodynamics. Available at: www.ara.co.uk/services/experimental-aerodynamics (Accessed: 02 February 2013). Brandon, J. (2009) Icing Conditions in Flight. Available at: http://www.pilotfriend.com/av-weather/meteo/thnder.htm (Accessed: 01 March 2013). Borrell, B. (2009) How Does Ice Cause an Airplane to Crash. Available at: http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ice-flight-3407 (Accessed: 01 March 2013). NASA (No Date) Introduction to the Aerodynamics of Flight. Available at: http://history.NASA.gov/SP-367/chapt5.htm (Accessed: 03 February 2013). RIA Novosti (2013) De-icing of Airplanes. Available at: http://www.en.rian.ru/infographics/20110114/162128519.html (Accessed: 12 March 2013).

Importance Of Priority In Todays Society :: essays research papers

Importance of Priority in Today's Society In today's society it is of the ultimate importance to keep self- discipline as a major priority. Right now we may not realize it, but we are not living in a perfect society on this planet. But perfect is not the answer for our world, as it seems implausible. Rather, we are trying to work out into the opposite direction and not suffer chaos. Think of what would happen, if we all took the responsibility to keep our self disciplined and utterly focused in trying to do the best we could. Our world would not suffer the many consequences we suffer now. For example, if we decided to peaceful with other nations, and kept respect and peace with everyone. The prevention of mayhem, chaos and anarchy will not just come one day like an invisible shield trying to prevent this situation from happening. What needs to happen is, every person on this earth out of the many billions that there are, needs to take responsibility of his/her actions. Chaos, mayhem, disturbance, turmoil, pandemonium, uproar. Is this what we want in our world today? Although people are afraid to say it, it is obvious that if we all do not think before we do things, these events that I described could occur in the near future. Many people are in belief that chaos, mayhem, and even anarchy will not occur in their lifetimes. And most possibly what they think is true, but they don't show helpfulness towards they younger generations. By making a large pothole, it may be very difficult to fill it. By ruining the world today, it seems as if we are striving to mayhem. In our society we are not working to help other people and just help ourselves. If we all worked together, and not thought so much about ourselves we would therefore show that we can work as a large family or community, thus helping us realize what drastic situation we are in. Michael Jackson states in one of his songs " Heel the world, make it a better place, for you and for me and the entire human race." The only way we could actually fulfill this statement is to be self-disciplined in what we do. Prevention of all three aspects, mayhem, chaos and anarchy, is a must and a necessity in our developing world. Also self responsibility ties into this matter. By being aware of your actions and not doing anything that could effect yourself or anyone else, we are one step closer to a better world, not only for us but the for other generations

How effective is Dahls use of subtext in his short stories? :: English Literature

How effective is Dahl's use of subtext in his short stories? Subtext is anything that is indirectly communicated to the reader. It can be conveyed in many ways, such as sounds, objects, jokes, colours and temperatures. Subtext expresses a meaning in a subliminal manner. In Roald Dahl's short stories he uses subtext to display the meanings and feelings that are hidden. In 'The Landlady' Dahl uses subtext to convey the true evil behind the landlady's homely exterior. The animals in the boarding house are thought of to be a good feature. 'Animals were usually a good sign in a place like this'. This is ironic because the animals are dead and stuffed. When Billy Weaver first walked into the house he noticed that there was only his coat in the hallway. 'There were no other hats or coats in the hall'. This is subtext because it suggests that the house is empty. Subtext can also be suggested through temperature. All the way through the story, temperature is used subtextually to suggest meanings and feelings. The weather outside was cold. A cold temperature is subtext for death. 'The air was deadly cold and the wind was like a flat blade of ice', this is pathetic fallacy because it is typical horror genre weather. Inside the house heat is used to cover up the coldness of death. 'A bright fire burning' is used to make the house seem warm. The cups of tea are used in the same way. When Billy goes to the house the landlady appears very quickly, 'like a jack-in-the-box'. This indicates that she was waiting for him to arrive. Furthermore it seems as if she has prepared everything for him in advance. In other words she knew the point when he was going to arrive. The landlady says 'we have it all to ourselves'. She also talks about her guests in the past tense. Therefore it is suggested that the guests are no longer there. The landlady is an unconventional monster in this horror story. 'She looked exactly like the mother of one's best school-friend' explains that this woman seemed sweet and familiar to Billy. Her role in the story is reversed when it is revealed that she is in fact a cold killer. The landlady acts very strangely towards Billy, 'her blue eyes travelled slowly all the way down the length of Billy's body'. The landlady's ayes are described as blue. Blue eyes are not usually associated with evil so this makes her seem an irregular villain in the story. The way she looks at him suggests a wicked look but the 'blue eyes' eliminates the evil.

Harvey Keitel: The Art Of Darkness :: essays research papers

Harvey Keitel: The Art of Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harvey Keitel was born in Brooklyn, New York, on May 13, 1939. Harvey was the youngest of 3 children, one brother and one sister. Harvey’s childhood was rough. He spent most of his times on the streets of New York. He was raised in a rather bad neighborhood, and he began to hang out with a local gang. Although things were bad, every summer he would go to Coney Island, climb rocks, and fish. He was a normal child raised in a very dangerous place, but he knew what was the right thing and what was the wrong thing to do. Although he was in a gang, he never really got himself into much trouble.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the age of 16, Harvey Keitel did not know what to do with his life, so he decided to enlist in the Marines. Harvey was stationed in Lebanon, and stayed there for his 3 year term. When Harvey got out of the Marines in 1959, he was still unsure of what he wanted to do for a living. For the time being, he began a job as a shoe salesman. About a year later from selling shoes, Harvey began to take an interest in becoming an actor. He began to try out for part in off Broadway plays. Stella Adler and Strasberg found promise in Harvey Keitel, and they began to teach him ways to become a better actor. Even under these two stars wings, finding work was still very hard for Harvey. He did find some job opportunities in very off Broadway plays. While Harvey Keitel was a very good actor, it did not look like he was going to be going anywhere with acting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harvey Keitel was about to give up on acting altogether, but he decided to give it a second chance when he answered a newspaper ad by Martin Scorsese, who at the time, was a NYU student looking for actors for his thesis work, Who’s That Knocking On My Door?. When Harvey and Martin met, they became fast friends, and have stayed friends since than. Keitel has worked with Scorsese many times since than, and only Robert De Niro has worked with Scorsese more than Keitel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Things were looking good for Harvey Keitel, but his career took a downfall when he was passed over for a role in Francis Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now.

Ethics: Religion vs. Abortion

Not every woman was meant to be a mother. Not every couple is meant to have a child. So what happens when an unprepared couple becomes pregnant? The first thoughts are not to carry a baby to full term for it to be adopted or to grant temporary custody. People look for the easiest way out which is to get rid of the baby. Our society has become so accustom to instant gratification that there are no thoughts that run through our minds when making such decisions. Our biggest concerns are how much it will cost and who will find out. At what point is the weight of this decision realized?When do we realize that we are taking a life? For this specific reason there are people who boldly stand against abortion. Truly children are a gift from the Lord; the fruit of the womb is a reward (Psalm 127:3 KJV). There are many verses in the bible that explains how children are great gifts and should be cherished and welcomed into the world. The church has stepped in to remind us how gracious the gift o f life really is. The religious war on abortion cannot be easily defined. Although people are religious and may fear God, the issue is that there are no consequences during life.There is only a threat that people who have or perform abortions will go to hell in the after life. The churches only weapon is excommunication where they limit a person’s membership or exile them from the church. Originally Catholic Church’s position on excommunication was limited to the abortion of a formed fetus. The theory of a formed fetus came from Aristotle's concept of ensoulment which was adopted by Christian philosophers. Aristotle believed that fetuses were conceived in a vegetative or animalistic state and that between 40 and 90 days a fetus undergoes â€Å"ensoulment† in which the fetus actually received its human soul.So it was this concept that made abortion a homicide after the 90 period. Church councils usually grouped abortion earlier than the ensoulment with other sex crimes. After 1869 the Catholic Church agreed that ensoulment started at the time of conception, this now made abortion a homicide at anytime, in the eyes of the church. Abortion wasn’t always such a controversial issue in America; there was a time when it was taken lightly. In the early 1800s many mothers died during or after child labor. Lack of medical knowledge and equipment made delivery difficult and because of this aborting children was a norm.Although there seemed to be less death surrounding abortion, the procedure was reevaluated in the late 1800s and anti-abortion laws were put into place. By 1910 almost all of the states had declared abortion illegal due to its immorality; some believed that laws were put into place because the early settlers feared being over populated by the immigrants that were traveling to our country at the time. Others believed that Doctors led lawmakers to criminalize abortion. This was their way of taking control of the practice. Many abor tions were performed by female practitioners in women’s homes.To get those women to get back into doctor's offices they claimed that their main objective was to protect women from the dangerous abortion techniques practiced outside of the office. After these laws were put into place abortions were to be performed by doctors only after they determine if the pregnancy would endanger the mother or child. After six decades of illegal abortions throughout the United States they were convinced to give women back the rights to their bodies with Roe v. Wade in 1973. Legalizing abortion dropped the number of pregnancy related hospitalizations by 75 percent almost instantly.That number has continued to drop over the years and has reached less than 1 percent. Legalizing abortion has saved a lot of lives but there are still many obstacles that woman face when making this grave decision. When it comes down to which law is more relevant it is easy to say the law of the land prevails. Simpl y because in our times there is not much respect for religion. Many people don’t know what they believe in or would rather believe in nothing. When it comes to something to have faith in or look up to it is often monetary.These are the beliefs of the youths, that money will help them get through anything. Older generations know that you need to have faith in something that can make you feel loved. Money is not abundantly available to any of us, while God, Jesus and his word are readily available for us all. Many people do not attend church and don’t read the bible so to them there is no other law than what they see in front of them. The law of the land is gives direction to those who are seeking abortions. Protestors that harass and even use violence towards people seeking abortions will not enlighten them.The church must find a way to reach out to people so they may realize what kinds of options they have. The state offers counseling, adoption agencies, and welfare to those seeking assistance with children. When it comes to assistance it doesn’t seem that the church has much to offer but it does seem that they are quick to judge. Researching this paper has enlightened me on abortion. I didn’t know that there were so many deaths involved with illegal abortions. I mainly focused on what has happened in the United States. Digging deeper I found that there are still many countries that have not yet legalized abortion.Cuba and Guyana are the only countries in Central and South America that are allowed to practice abortion. In this area there are over four million illegal abortions done every year even though this region is the biggest Roman Catholic region in the world. Women who are well off are able to use large sums of money to get into professionals offices. While poor women take the risk of having abortions below medical standards. After already going through the trauma of an awful procedure when these women are taken to the hospit al they are questioned and then often thrown in jail awaiting trial or even convicted.There have even been convictions in the United States for performing late-term abortions. Most states prohibit abortions after viability or the point when a fetus can survive outside the womb. Viability is often around 28 weeks but at 21 weeks the fetus has already developed all its organs and body structures. I have never had an abortion and hope that it is never a decision I will have to struggle with. I am very safe and take the proper precautions that will save me and my unborn child. There is so much that is readily available for us, condoms, birth control, and abstinence plus many other ways to protect ourselves.Although I agree that the procedure should be available, I also believe that they should know and exhaust all options. Ultimately I cannot give a stern opinion on the matter. I have never been in a place where I have to choose to take someone’s life or dedicate my own. I do und erstand the state of our economy and that many people are not in the proper place to raise a child. If you don’t know where your next meal will come from or how you will be making your next mortgage payment, you may not want to bring a child into a world of stress and frustration.Bibliography â€Å"Abortion. † Methods of. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"National Abortion Federation: History of Abortion. † National Abortion Federation (NAF). Web. 09 Apr. 2012. . BBC News. BBC. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Your Baby's Developments in the Womb. † Askamum. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Baby's Development in the Womb. † – MyDr. com. au. Web. 09 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"Major U. S. Laws concerning Abortion. † U. S. LAWS RESTRICTING ABORTION. Web. 08 Apr. 2012. . â€Å"The Bible and Abortion. † What the Bible Says about Abortion! Web. 08 Apr. 2012. .

Social Security Coverage- Tanzania

SOCIAL tri excepte POLICY GLOSSARY . ILO Minimum Standards. worldwide exertion Organisation set an legal account which was adopt at its 35th posing in June 1952, popularly kn give as hearty warranter ( nominal Standards) Convention no. 102. Itemised minute of contingencies and clears required in the tokenish old-hats convention imply Old Age, Invalidity, Survivorship, elaboration Injury, maternity, medical C ar, sickness, Un betrothal and Death. Indexation of Benefits It is an adjustment of pensions and opposite gold benefits to take account of price movements and protective c all over against inflation to the beneficiaries.Indexes may involve predominant statutory tokenish w eons, yearly mean(a) earnings of the contributors e. t. c. Portability of Benefits This is a system which find outs that shargons accrue benefits be not lost by a segment ever-changing employer, changing piece of swear out from single empyrean to an whatever sepa rove(preno minal) or by migrating from ane unpolished to an separate. The trunk determines continuity of benefit rights accrued. Means- time-tested institution It is the rear end of homework and adjustment of tender tending benefits by the presidential term depending on a individuals instrument of living.The most considered group of throng for the pro hallucination of friendly helper benefits by essencetesting include, elderly, sick, invalids (disabled), survivors, un sedulous. unremarkably these groups of tribe free fall out of contributive escapes. In other(a) words assistance is addd to citizens according to their inability to refer prefatorial implys for survival, or defending themselves against innate(p) calamities. one-third- story governing tree trunk According to ILO simulation, Three Tier agreement is an arrangement/system objectiveed to cater for several(predicate) wishings of surety ms measure for assorted categories of large number depen ding on their level of incomes.Tier one, which is financed by the establishment, caters for those who be not able to purchase genial certificate department operate e. g. sick, disabled, elderly e. t. c. Tier devil caters for those who screw contribute and is compulsory and manage by the organization. Tier three caters for those who john bear to append their Tier twain credential measure by purchasing commercial message insurance benefits. Tier three is instinctive and to a depressive disorderer placecoverly managed. Three-Tier system is designed to strike down the government expenditure on loving assistance/ bail programs by means of expansion of reporting of Tier Two and Three. . 3. 4. 5. ballpark chord 6. do workuarial Valuation It is the process which involves assessing the electric modern level of shoping of the scheme by comparing scheme assets with liabilities accrued to the go through with(predicate) of valuation and to determine the level of plowsh ars that sine qua non to be paid in incoming to achieve the level of storageing essential to pay out the benefits promised. defenduarial reviews be conducted in intermediate periods to look into that the fund is sustainable and this is reflected in the projections atomic number 18 of a long snip frame e. . 25 years. 7. genial Insurance Principles Is a amicable tribute measures administration where the resources are pooled together for meeting dissimilar contingencies, every one is included cipherless of the level or risk exposure and the motive is friendly testimonial as opposed to do sizable maximization. Defined Contribution v/s Defined Benefits Defined contribution is a placement where benefits from a mixer pledge is not k instantaneouslyn, but depends on the contributions to be do and interests rates obtainable.Defined benefits is a situation where benefits to be obtained are known nearly in advance regardless of the contributions to be made, ra ised that the members meets prescribed minimum conditions. Defined contributions are associated with tendernt fund schemes, while outlined benefits are associated with friendly insurance schemes. 8. iv FOREWORD The socio- frugal and political changes, which are ta householdg place in Tanzania, realize prompted the grooming of the study affectionate auspices insurance in order to manage much(prenominal) changes for the benefit of its citizens and to ensure that sphereal programmes and activities are closely coordinated.The formulation of the study favorable guarantor form _or_ system of government came at a clock time when amicable shelter Providers are reorganizing their activities to do to the market demand as link up to free market economy. Since independence to-date, near few institutions turn over been enjoying monopolistic lieu of providing societal bail serve in the ground. However to a lower place this indemnity complaisant credential aren a will be liberalized. The National complaisant warrantor polity is a increase of a serial openation of consultations with stakeholders which started in year 2001. The constitution was adopted by the government early in year 2003.The aim of this indemnity is to assoil the goals and verifiables set out in the vision 2025 by extending friendly credentials system work to the major(ip)ity of the Tanzanians. The structure of the form _or_ system of government document appends background in system of companionable auspices measure, status and challenges of the sector in Tanzania, and the rationale for its formulation. thither are to a fault chapters that translate insurance policy issues and statements, institutional frame- work and responsibilities during its implementation. With great sport I would like to welcome the societal guarantor policy for the development of our country. Hon. Prof. J. A.Kapuya (MP) minister for Labour, Youth Development and Sports v C HAPTER 1 1. 0 1. 1 INTRODUCTION minimise Every kind being is undefended to risks and uncertainties with respect to income as a core of life sustenance. To contain these risks, everyone needs somewhat form of kind certification guaranteed by the family, conjunction and the society as a unit of measurement. Such socioeconomic risks and uncertainties in human life form the basis for the need of friendly gage. Social gage is root in the need for solidarity and risk pooling by the society given that no unmarried can guarantee his or her own aegis. nominal neighborly aegis system in Africa and other developing countries is a product of colonialism. In Tanzania during the colonial era, affable surety reporting was extended to the few battalion who were in the colonial employment. Most of the race were excluded from any type of public fond tribute scheme. The legal age of the Tanzanian wad depended upon the traditionalistic kind guarantor system for their apolo gy, which is still the case to date, though make of urbanization and difficult economic milieu bemuse weakened the same.after independence, the government activity of Tanzania introduced a series of policies and measures to reverse the situation that prevailed during the colonial era. The measures included access to free gentility and health caveat, supply of neighborly welfare runs to marginalized groups such as the elderly, flock with disabilities and children in difficult stack, as well up as establishment of statutory mixer protective cover schemes.However, tax financed social run have proved to be unsustainable as manifest by introduction of cost share-out in sectors such as tuition and health. 1 1. 2 The Concept of Social Security Social auspices department promoter any kind of collective measures or activities designed to ensure that members of society meet their introductory needs and are protect from the contingencies to enable them maintain a standar d of living consistent with social norms.The social trade protection concept has been changing with time from the traditional ways of protection to forward-looking ones. As societies became to a greater extent industrialized as a solvent of industrial innovation in the 19th pennyury and more(prenominal) people became dependent upon wage employment, it was no longer possible to rely upon the traditional system of social security. The negative meeting of industrialization and urbanization attracted the attention of policy makers to statuesqueize social security system that turn to the emerged social issues.Social security is delimit in its broadest meaning by the planetary Labour Organization (ILO) as The aegis measures which society provides for its members, through a series of public measures against economic and social some(prenominal)er that would otherwise be caused by the stoppages or unassailable reduction of earnings leave behinding from sickness, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, harm, old age, death, the provision of medical care subsidies for families with children. The ILO framework of social security is ground on a three-tier structure, which seeks to utilize variant funding sources for provision of better protection to the countrys population. This structure as well seeks to address needs of different groups in the 2 society with respect to income and phase of vulnerability. The structure consists of the fall outing a) Tier ane Social helper Schemes This constitutes provision of service such as primary health primary study, water, diet security and other go on a means tested basis.These services are comm all financed by the government and no(prenominal) political Organisations (NGOs. b) Tier Two mandatary Schemes These are unremarkably compulsory and contributory schemes financed by both employer and employee during the workings life for terminal and short-run benefits. c) Tier Three Voluntary or app urtenant Schemes The schemes under this tier include personal savings, co-operative and credit societies, occupational pensions schemes and cloak-and-dagger schemes managed by employers, superior bodies, conjunction ground organizations and other secret sector actors. CHAPTER II 2. O SITUATIONAL summary OF SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN TANZANIA 2. 1 Objectives of the Social Security work Social security in Tanzania covers a wider variety of public and orphic measures meant to provide benefits in the event of the individuals earning power permanently ceasing, being interrupted, never developing, being un powerful to avoid pauperisation, or being exercised only at an acceptable social costs. The major domains of social security are pauperisation prevention, poverty alleviation, social compensation and income distribution.Many issues relating to social security are sensitive, as they distort on the material interests of organize workers and the unorganised poor as well as insu rance industry and employer organizations. The social security system in Tanzania has the pastime fundamental elements Social assistance schemes which are non-contributory and income-tested, and provided by the state to groups such as people with disabilities, elderly people and unsupported parents and children who are uneffective to provide for their own minimum needs.In Tanzania social assistance as well covers social relief, which is a short term measure to tide people over a particular individual or community crisis Mandatory schemes, where people contribute through the employers to pension or provident monetary resource, employers also contribute to these finances 4 nonpublic savings, where people voluntarily save for retirement, working capital and insure themselves against events such as disability and outlet of income and meet other social needs. Despite the existence of this framework, service delivery has not r severallyed the majority of Tanzanians over collect to in sufficient financing and fragmented institutional arrangements.The estimated total population of Tanzania is 33. 5 million1. tabu of this, 70 per cent are in the pastoral areas, while the rest are in urban areas. The total jab extract of Tanzania is estimated at 16 million, where 5. 4% of the total labour force or 2. 7% of the total population is cover by the authorisation formal social security system. 93 per cent of the candid workforce is engaged in the sluttish sector in both rural and urban areas out of that 80 per cent is in engaged in the farming(prenominal) economy2. 2. Informal Social Security system of rules Tanzania, like many other countries in the developing world has had strong sluttish and traditional social security systems built on family and/or community support.In generation of contingencies such as famine, diseases, and old age individuals have depended on family, clan members and members of the community for assistance in the form of bullion o r in kind. While it is acknowledge that over time, traditional social security system has tended to decay and change forms in response to the forces of urbanization and industrialization, at that place is certainty that in Tanzania family and 2 National power of Statistics, 2001 National Labourforce Survey, 1999 5 community social support system have remained as means of social security inwardly different social groups. Overtime, socio-economic reforms have easy resulted into disintegration of the family-based social security protection leading to the formation of self-help groupings such as UPATU, UMASIDA and VIBINDO. 2. 3 Formal Social Security establishment Formal social security is a regulated mechanism of defend citizens against social contingencies.This system has existed in Tanzania well beforehandhand independence whereby various policy statements have been made and Acts passed in regard to the protection of the population against contingencies like injury, loss of employment and old age. These include the original and Native Ordinance Cap 78 as amended by Cap. 371, foresightful computer storage ( authorities Employees) Ordinance Cap 51, thrifty Fund (Local Authorities) Ordinance Cap. 53 and the Workmens Compensation Ordinance Cap 262. After independence new legislations were enacted and others amended.These include the breakage Allowance Act No. 57 of 1962 the National prospicient Fund Act No. 36 of 1964 amended by Act. No. 2 of 1975 which was later repealed and replaced by the National Social Security Fund Act No. 28 of 1997 the Parastatal Pensions Act No. 14 of 1978, the Public do Retirement Benefits Act of 1999, the National health Insurance Fund Act No. 8 of 1999 and Local Authorities long Fund Act. No. 6 of 2000. 6 Currently, on that point are five major formal institutions that provide social security protection in Tanzania.These are the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) whirl social security coverage to employees of priv ate sector and non- eligible parastatal and government employees, the Public attend Pension Fund (PSPF) providing social security protection to employees of central Government under eligible legal injury, Parastatal Pension Fund (PPF) offer social security coverage to employees of the both private and parastatal organizations, the Local Authorities Provident Fund (LAPF) oblation social security coverage to employees of the Local Government and the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) offering health insurance coverage to pensionable employees of central government.The formal social security total coverage in Tanzania is near 871,000 members distributed as 363,000 for NSSF, 193,000 for PSPF, 180,000 for NHIF, 90,000 for PPF and 45,000 for LAPF. This represents about 85% of the persons employed in the formal employment sector. 2. 4 The Impact of Social Security System in Tanzania Efforts by the government to provide social security protection in the country have brought about strong development. However, due to the absence of an elaborate social security policy to spend effective functioning of the industry, on that point are some structural, in operation(p) and policy weaknesses inherent in the social security system. a) i) Achievements enthronisation of Social Security bills 7Social security institutions in Tanzania have been investing in portfolios such as commercial loans, real estate, government securities, Loanable funds, bank deposits and equities all of which have contributed to social and macro-economic development of the country. ii) Awareness on Social Security Matters in that location has been an increase in the level of public sense on the social security system in respect of benefits offered, coverage, investments and general trading operations of the sector. iii) make Self-help Groups Informal social security scheme in the form of self-help groups has been more organized than before. (b) Shortcomings in the Current Social Security System The existing social security system in Tanzania is characterised by a number of shortcomings, which need to be addressed by this policy.Among these shortcomings are i) Limited reportage Persons cover by the social security schemes are those who are employed in the formal sector estimated at 1. 0 million. This is only about 5. 4% of the whole labour force of over 16 million Tanzanians. This means the remaining 15 million labour force, engaged in informal sector and comparatively more vulnerable are not covered by the formal social security protection. ii) Inadequacy of Benefits Paid (Number and Meaningfulness) 8 The number of benefits offered by most of the existing schemes fall below the ILO Minimum Standards in terms of number, graphic symbol and indexation to the current levels of earnings. ii) Fragmentation and overlook of Co-ordination The social security sector needinesss co-ordination at study level as each Fund reports to a different Ministry with differing operat ional rules and procedures. As a result, contribution rates, benefit structures, qualifying conditions as well as plans and priorities differ form one institution to another. iv) overleap of Mechanism for Portability of Benefit Rights at that place is no effected mechanism that can allow benefit rights of a member to be deepenred from one scheme to another. This results in employees losing some of their benefit rights when they move from one sector to another. v) Social Security Benefits In some of the Tanzanias social security schemes, members benefits are not rights but privileges.Normally, members well-situated some of their benefits if they leave employment before attainment of their pensionable ages. nature of termination. vi) Conflicts in the Existing Legislations Establishing legislations of the current social security institutions have provisions that conflict in terms of operations. In other circumstances, members benefit rights are determined by the employers dependin g on the 9 vii) Non-contributory Social Security Benefits Currently, there is a segment of remunerative workers who are getting social security benefits amply financed through tax tax incomes this is a lineage to the Government budget. viii) Liberalization thither has been a monopoly in the operation of social security institutions in the country. ix) investiture of Social Security Funds There has been inadequate guidance on investment of social security fund at national level 2. 5 i) Challenges In The Social Security System Weakening of Informal Social shelter System Socio-economic developments taking place in Tanzania have resulted into a slow but steady disintegration of the kinship or family-based social support systems on which the majority of Tanzanians have depended for protection against contingencies. Economic hardships have made it difficult for individuals, families and/or kin members to provide assistance to each other in time of crisis and need. The high rate of urb anisation has also taken its damage on traditional social protection systems.There has been increasing atomisation with families becoming more dispersed thereby eroding the capacitance of extended families to function as social golosh nets. ii) Limited Growth of the Formal Employment 10 Public sector reforms have resulted into retrenchment of workers, freezing employment in the public sector and privatisation of public enterprises. These have led to increased unemployment, which in turn has forced more people to resort to employment in the urban informal sector where earnings are often inadequate and/or uncertain. There is however a express mail result in employment in the private sector. iii) Reduced Access to Social function Despite the deliberate measures by the government to improve provision of ocial services to the public, hefty part of the population has either limited or no access to services. In some instances, cost sharing in the provision of social services has m inify the capacity of the people to access the services. iv) pitiable levels of incomeIncomes for the majority of the people in Tanzania are generally inadequate to meet their basic requirements and save for future use. v) Declaration of menial Insurable Earnings Some employers provide remunerations composed of basic salaries and allowances, while deductions for social security are based on basic salaries only, leading to lower benefits from social security institutions upon retirement. 2. Rationale For A Social Security polity The existing social security system has many shortcomings that include low coverage of the Tanzanian Society, atomization of 11 legislation, lack of restrictive framework, lack of a mechanism for portability of benefits and inadequacy of benefits provided. Therefore, the need for a well-articulated national social security policy is more eminent now than ever. In view of the foregoing, there is a need for having a spatiotemporal national social security policy that shall address the needs of employed people in the formal sector, self employed population in the informal sector, the elderly, people with disabilities and children in need of special protection.Therefore the social security policy is expected to Widen the chain of mountains and coverage of social security services to all the citizens Harmonize social security schemes in the country so as to eliminate fragmentation and rationalize contribution rates and benefit structures Reduce poverty through improved woodland and standard of benefits offered Institute a mechanism for good regime and sustainability of social security institutions through establishment of a regulatory body Establish a social security structure that is consistent with the ILO standards but with due regard to the socio-economic situation in the country and Ensure more transparency and involvement of social partners in the decision do with respect to social security institutions 12 CHAPTER THREE 3. PO LICY ISSUES AND STATEMENTS The general objective of the policy is to ensure that every citizen is protected against economic and social distress resulting from substantial loss in income due to various contingencies. Underlying the abovementioned general objective, this policy shall therefore address the following particularized issues 3. 1 constitution loose The expression of Social Security Sector diametrical social groups face different contingencies, then calling for varied types of protection. cooking of comprehensive social security services should follow a structure that recognises different levels of needs, utilises different funding sources and reflects roles of various stakeholders. insurance policy affirmation Provision of social security services in the country shall be structured as follows a) Social Assistance Programmes The Government shall get up the capacity to attend to the social assistance programmes that constitute services such as primary health primar y education, water, food security and social welfare services to vulnerable groups such as people with disabilities, the elderly and children in difficult circumstances on a means tested basis. Moreover, the government shall create an enabling surroundings for other institutions such as Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs), charitable organisations, families and mutual assistance groups to supplement the governments effort in the provision of such services. 13 b)Mandatory Schemes Mandatory social security institutions that shall operate under the social insurance principles in conformance with minimum acceptable standards and benchmarks. c) Supplementary Schemes Supplementary schemes shall be completed to cater for different social services like health, pensions and other types of insurance over and above those provided by mandatory and social assistance programmes. These schemes shall be run by employers, bodies private and companies, professional community-based organisations (CBOs). 3. 2 insurance policy vent coverage The existing mandatory social security schemes currently cover only 5. 4 % of the labour force estimated at 16. 0 million.The larger part of the labour force engaged in the informal sector that includes smallholder agriculture, small-scale mining, fishing, and petty businesses are inadequately covered by self-help initiatives. Moreover, approachability to the social welfare services by the single out groups is limited then the majority of the people are not covered by the formal social security schemes. form _or_ system of government affirmations a) Social Welfare Service shall be improved and extended to enhance accessibility to disadvantaged groups including people with disabilities, the elderly and children in difficult circumstances. b) A legal framework shall provide for all employees in the formal sector and devise means of extending coverage to the informal sector such as agricultural, 14 ining, fishing and small businesses. c) There shall be an act to support the formation of mutual assistance initiatives by the NGOs, CBOs and other groups operating at community level. d) Employers, fiscal institutions, professional associations, insurance companies, social security institutions and other organisations shall be enabled to establish adjuvant schemes to provide social security benefits over and above those provided by mandatory and social assistance programmes. 3. 3 policy fare Social Security as a Right According to Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of tenth December 1948 social protection is a rights issue.Likewise, Article 11(1) of the Constitution of the fall in body politic of Tanzania stipulates thatThe state authority shall make sequester provisions for the realisation of a persons right to work, to self education and social welfare at clock of old age, sickness or disability and in other cases of incapacity.. 3 In view of such provision there is still inadequate cover age of social security services to the Tanzanian Society. indemnity Statement Efforts shall be made to enhance awareness and 3 United commonwealth of Tanzania (1998) The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977 15 sensitisation of the society regarding the key and provision of social security services as a right.3. form _or_ system of government going Inadequacy of Benefits offered The number and quality of benefits offered by most of the existing social security funds are not adequate to meet the basic needs of beneficiaries in terms of the number of benefits, magnitude and indexation to the current levels of earnings. Policy Statement Social security schemes shall have a standard minimum number of benefits offered and indexed to the current levels of earnings of contributors. 3. 5 Policy Issue Portability of Social Security Benefits Benefit rights are not take-away when a member moves from one scheme to another due to differing legislations, operational rules and procedures. As a result members loose some of their benefit rights just by pitiful from one scheme to another. Policy Statement There shall be regulated mechanisms effected to enable portability of benefit rights when a member moves from one scheme to another. 3. 6Policy Issue Lack of Co-ordination 16 The current social security institutions are placed under different Ministries with different rules and procedures, as a result there is a conflict in the administration of social security matters. Policy Statement The social security sector shall be coordinated by the Ministry creditworthy for social security matters. 3. 7 Policy Issue Reciprocal Agreements for Transfer of Benefits Labour mobility across nations has become a common phenomenon due to globalisation and foreign investment, there by require people work and live in different countries and hence find themselves contributing to various social security institutions.Lack of a mechanism for transfer of benefit rights acros s nations may result into some members loosing their rights or being unable to qualify for better benefits. Policy Statement sound mechanisms shall be developed to provide for reciprocal agreements with other countries for transfer of social security benefits across nations. 3. 8 Policy Issue Partial Withdrawal of Benefits Social security schemes do not provide for pre-mature secessions of benefits by members before attainment of the pensionable age. However, due to unstable employment environment, low level of income of most of the workers and little awareness on social security matters, members have a tendency of demanding total 17 withdrawal of benefits upon termination of employment before the attainment of pensionable age.Policy Statement jural mechanisms shall be developed to allow for withdrawal of part of the accumulated benefits while the equilibrium shall remain for long-term benefits on ill-timed termination of their employment. 3. 9 Policy Issue Financing of Social S ecurity work The Government has the obligation of providing social security services to its citizens. However, due to limited resources the Government still provides limited services for salaried employees and individuals who can afford to contribute for the services. Policy Statements (a) Services under Social Assistance Programs shall be offered on a means-tested basis and financed by the general tax revenue and other grants. b) Mechanisms shall be established to ensure that all salaried employees and individuals, who can afford to contribute to the mandatory schemes, do so to ensure enhancement of benefits.3. 10 Policy Issue Guaranteeing of Mandatory Schemes The Government has the responsibility to guarantee members benefits in the event the established mandatory social security 18 schemes become insolvent. So far there is no concrete commitment by the Government to instil contributors confidence in their membership Policy Statement (a) (b) The Government shall continue to guar antee members benefits in the established mandatory schemes. The Government shall ensure that Social Security Schemes are managed competently. 3. 1 Policy Issue Taxation on Contributions, investment Income and Benefits Contributions and income accrued from investment by social security institutions are being taxed olibanum weakening the capacity of the schemes to offer quality benefit to members. Policy Statement The government shall continue to review tax policies to ensure contributions, benefits and income from investments to enable mandatory schemes offer meaningful benefits to members. 3. 12 Policy Issue Investment of Social Security Funds Investment of social security funds is an indwelling function of social security institutions. Sustainability of the schemes and benefit of benefits depend on investment income.Social security funds have often been order to areas where there is no stimulation of economic growth. There are no distinguishable guidelines directing investm ents of social security funds at the national level. 19 Policy Statement Guide lines will be developed based on principles of safety yield and liquidity. 3. 13 Policy Issue Good Governance Good governance is the key to smooth functioning and expertness in all social security schemes, as they are entrusted to manage funds on behalf of the contributors. There has been poor governance in social security services. Policy Statement There shall be guidelines to ensure that all social security schemes are transparent and accountable to the members and the public at large.3. 4 Policy Issue Legal Framework and Minimum Standards There is fragmentation of social security system in the country with respect to different legislations and design of the schemes. These schemes also lack minimum standards to guide their operations. Policy Statement There shall be an act to govern and standardize operations of the social security sector. The law shall also provide for the establishment of a regulator y body that shall ensure smooth and efficient operations of the sector. 20 3. 15 Policy Issue Liberalization of the Social Security Sector The current trend in the country is to liberalize various sectors in the economy. However, the current social sector is based on organization/institution monopoly in its operation.Policy Statements Social security institutions shall operate in a regulated liberalized market as followsWhile the existing Social mandatory Security social Services security under institutions shall operate and compete among themselves subsidiary schemes shall be fully liberalized. 21 CHAPTER IV 4. 0 ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS The different stakeholders shall have the following roles to play in the social security sector4. 1 The Government 4. 2 Coverage of the social assistance programmes wander an enabling environment for smooth operations of the social security To institute regulatory and legal framework Supervision of the sector. hostage of mandatory schemesSocia l Security Institutions Offering quality benefits and services Good governance of the schemes affaire of Stakeholders Widen coverage Awareness grounding and sensitisation 4. 3 Employers Registration of employees punctual and accurate remittance of contributions Awareness public and sensitisation Adherence to safety and occupational health rules 4. 4 Workers Unions Representation of workers interests in the social security Awareness presentation and sensitisation Support the social security industry. 22 sector 4. 5 NGOs/CBOs balance efforts by the Government in the provision of social assistance programmes and establishment of supplemental schemes Awareness creation to the public 4. 6 Communities Responsiveness to the needs of the vulnerable persons detect self-help traditions 23