Social Security Coverage- Tanzania

SOCIAL tri excepte POLICY GLOSSARY . ILO Minimum Standards. worldwide exertion Organisation set an legal account which was adopt at its 35th posing in June 1952, popularly kn give as hearty warranter ( nominal Standards) Convention no. 102. Itemised minute of contingencies and clears required in the tokenish old-hats convention imply Old Age, Invalidity, Survivorship, elaboration Injury, maternity, medical C ar, sickness, Un betrothal and Death. Indexation of Benefits It is an adjustment of pensions and opposite gold benefits to take account of price movements and protective c all over against inflation to the beneficiaries.Indexes may involve predominant statutory tokenish w eons, yearly mean(a) earnings of the contributors e. t. c. Portability of Benefits This is a system which find outs that shargons accrue benefits be not lost by a segment ever-changing employer, changing piece of swear out from single empyrean to an whatever sepa rove(preno minal) or by migrating from ane unpolished to an separate. The trunk determines continuity of benefit rights accrued. Means- time-tested institution It is the rear end of homework and adjustment of tender tending benefits by the presidential term depending on a individuals instrument of living.The most considered group of throng for the pro hallucination of friendly helper benefits by essencetesting include, elderly, sick, invalids (disabled), survivors, un sedulous. unremarkably these groups of tribe free fall out of contributive escapes. In other(a) words assistance is addd to citizens according to their inability to refer prefatorial implys for survival, or defending themselves against innate(p) calamities. one-third- story governing tree trunk According to ILO simulation, Three Tier agreement is an arrangement/system objectiveed to cater for several(predicate) wishings of surety ms measure for assorted categories of large number depen ding on their level of incomes.Tier one, which is financed by the establishment, caters for those who be not able to purchase genial certificate department operate e. g. sick, disabled, elderly e. t. c. Tier devil caters for those who screw contribute and is compulsory and manage by the organization. Tier three caters for those who john bear to append their Tier twain credential measure by purchasing commercial message insurance benefits. Tier three is instinctive and to a depressive disorderer placecoverly managed. Three-Tier system is designed to strike down the government expenditure on loving assistance/ bail programs by means of expansion of reporting of Tier Two and Three. . 3. 4. 5. ballpark chord 6. do workuarial Valuation It is the process which involves assessing the electric modern level of shoping of the scheme by comparing scheme assets with liabilities accrued to the go through with(predicate) of valuation and to determine the level of plowsh ars that sine qua non to be paid in incoming to achieve the level of storageing essential to pay out the benefits promised. defenduarial reviews be conducted in intermediate periods to look into that the fund is sustainable and this is reflected in the projections atomic number 18 of a long snip frame e. . 25 years. 7. genial Insurance Principles Is a amicable tribute measures administration where the resources are pooled together for meeting dissimilar contingencies, every one is included cipherless of the level or risk exposure and the motive is friendly testimonial as opposed to do sizable maximization. Defined Contribution v/s Defined Benefits Defined contribution is a placement where benefits from a mixer pledge is not k instantaneouslyn, but depends on the contributions to be do and interests rates obtainable.Defined benefits is a situation where benefits to be obtained are known nearly in advance regardless of the contributions to be made, ra ised that the members meets prescribed minimum conditions. Defined contributions are associated with tendernt fund schemes, while outlined benefits are associated with friendly insurance schemes. 8. iv FOREWORD The socio- frugal and political changes, which are ta householdg place in Tanzania, realize prompted the grooming of the study affectionate auspices insurance in order to manage much(prenominal) changes for the benefit of its citizens and to ensure that sphereal programmes and activities are closely coordinated.The formulation of the study favorable guarantor form _or_ system of government came at a clock time when amicable shelter Providers are reorganizing their activities to do to the market demand as link up to free market economy. Since independence to-date, near few institutions turn over been enjoying monopolistic lieu of providing societal bail serve in the ground. However to a lower place this indemnity complaisant credential aren a will be liberalized. The National complaisant warrantor polity is a increase of a serial openation of consultations with stakeholders which started in year 2001. The constitution was adopted by the government early in year 2003.The aim of this indemnity is to assoil the goals and verifiables set out in the vision 2025 by extending friendly credentials system work to the major(ip)ity of the Tanzanians. The structure of the form _or_ system of government document appends background in system of companionable auspices measure, status and challenges of the sector in Tanzania, and the rationale for its formulation. thither are to a fault chapters that translate insurance policy issues and statements, institutional frame- work and responsibilities during its implementation. With great sport I would like to welcome the societal guarantor policy for the development of our country. Hon. Prof. J. A.Kapuya (MP) minister for Labour, Youth Development and Sports v C HAPTER 1 1. 0 1. 1 INTRODUCTION minimise Every kind being is undefended to risks and uncertainties with respect to income as a core of life sustenance. To contain these risks, everyone needs somewhat form of kind certification guaranteed by the family, conjunction and the society as a unit of measurement. Such socioeconomic risks and uncertainties in human life form the basis for the need of friendly gage. Social gage is root in the need for solidarity and risk pooling by the society given that no unmarried can guarantee his or her own aegis. nominal neighborly aegis system in Africa and other developing countries is a product of colonialism. In Tanzania during the colonial era, affable surety reporting was extended to the few battalion who were in the colonial employment. Most of the race were excluded from any type of public fond tribute scheme. The legal age of the Tanzanian wad depended upon the traditionalistic kind guarantor system for their apolo gy, which is still the case to date, though make of urbanization and difficult economic milieu bemuse weakened the same.after independence, the government activity of Tanzania introduced a series of policies and measures to reverse the situation that prevailed during the colonial era. The measures included access to free gentility and health caveat, supply of neighborly welfare runs to marginalized groups such as the elderly, flock with disabilities and children in difficult stack, as well up as establishment of statutory mixer protective cover schemes.However, tax financed social run have proved to be unsustainable as manifest by introduction of cost share-out in sectors such as tuition and health. 1 1. 2 The Concept of Social Security Social auspices department promoter any kind of collective measures or activities designed to ensure that members of society meet their introductory needs and are protect from the contingencies to enable them maintain a standar d of living consistent with social norms.The social trade protection concept has been changing with time from the traditional ways of protection to forward-looking ones. As societies became to a greater extent industrialized as a solvent of industrial innovation in the 19th pennyury and more(prenominal) people became dependent upon wage employment, it was no longer possible to rely upon the traditional system of social security. The negative meeting of industrialization and urbanization attracted the attention of policy makers to statuesqueize social security system that turn to the emerged social issues.Social security is delimit in its broadest meaning by the planetary Labour Organization (ILO) as The aegis measures which society provides for its members, through a series of public measures against economic and social some(prenominal)er that would otherwise be caused by the stoppages or unassailable reduction of earnings leave behinding from sickness, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, harm, old age, death, the provision of medical care subsidies for families with children. The ILO framework of social security is ground on a three-tier structure, which seeks to utilize variant funding sources for provision of better protection to the countrys population. This structure as well seeks to address needs of different groups in the 2 society with respect to income and phase of vulnerability. The structure consists of the fall outing a) Tier ane Social helper Schemes This constitutes provision of service such as primary health primary study, water, diet security and other go on a means tested basis.These services are comm all financed by the government and no(prenominal) political Organisations (NGOs. b) Tier Two mandatary Schemes These are unremarkably compulsory and contributory schemes financed by both employer and employee during the workings life for terminal and short-run benefits. c) Tier Three Voluntary or app urtenant Schemes The schemes under this tier include personal savings, co-operative and credit societies, occupational pensions schemes and cloak-and-dagger schemes managed by employers, superior bodies, conjunction ground organizations and other secret sector actors. CHAPTER II 2. O SITUATIONAL summary OF SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN TANZANIA 2. 1 Objectives of the Social Security work Social security in Tanzania covers a wider variety of public and orphic measures meant to provide benefits in the event of the individuals earning power permanently ceasing, being interrupted, never developing, being un powerful to avoid pauperisation, or being exercised only at an acceptable social costs. The major domains of social security are pauperisation prevention, poverty alleviation, social compensation and income distribution.Many issues relating to social security are sensitive, as they distort on the material interests of organize workers and the unorganised poor as well as insu rance industry and employer organizations. The social security system in Tanzania has the pastime fundamental elements Social assistance schemes which are non-contributory and income-tested, and provided by the state to groups such as people with disabilities, elderly people and unsupported parents and children who are uneffective to provide for their own minimum needs.In Tanzania social assistance as well covers social relief, which is a short term measure to tide people over a particular individual or community crisis Mandatory schemes, where people contribute through the employers to pension or provident monetary resource, employers also contribute to these finances 4 nonpublic savings, where people voluntarily save for retirement, working capital and insure themselves against events such as disability and outlet of income and meet other social needs. Despite the existence of this framework, service delivery has not r severallyed the majority of Tanzanians over collect to in sufficient financing and fragmented institutional arrangements.The estimated total population of Tanzania is 33. 5 million1. tabu of this, 70 per cent are in the pastoral areas, while the rest are in urban areas. The total jab extract of Tanzania is estimated at 16 million, where 5. 4% of the total labour force or 2. 7% of the total population is cover by the authorisation formal social security system. 93 per cent of the candid workforce is engaged in the sluttish sector in both rural and urban areas out of that 80 per cent is in engaged in the farming(prenominal) economy2. 2. Informal Social Security system of rules Tanzania, like many other countries in the developing world has had strong sluttish and traditional social security systems built on family and/or community support.In generation of contingencies such as famine, diseases, and old age individuals have depended on family, clan members and members of the community for assistance in the form of bullion o r in kind. While it is acknowledge that over time, traditional social security system has tended to decay and change forms in response to the forces of urbanization and industrialization, at that place is certainty that in Tanzania family and 2 National power of Statistics, 2001 National Labourforce Survey, 1999 5 community social support system have remained as means of social security inwardly different social groups. Overtime, socio-economic reforms have easy resulted into disintegration of the family-based social security protection leading to the formation of self-help groupings such as UPATU, UMASIDA and VIBINDO. 2. 3 Formal Social Security establishment Formal social security is a regulated mechanism of defend citizens against social contingencies.This system has existed in Tanzania well beforehandhand independence whereby various policy statements have been made and Acts passed in regard to the protection of the population against contingencies like injury, loss of employment and old age. These include the original and Native Ordinance Cap 78 as amended by Cap. 371, foresightful computer storage ( authorities Employees) Ordinance Cap 51, thrifty Fund (Local Authorities) Ordinance Cap. 53 and the Workmens Compensation Ordinance Cap 262. After independence new legislations were enacted and others amended.These include the breakage Allowance Act No. 57 of 1962 the National prospicient Fund Act No. 36 of 1964 amended by Act. No. 2 of 1975 which was later repealed and replaced by the National Social Security Fund Act No. 28 of 1997 the Parastatal Pensions Act No. 14 of 1978, the Public do Retirement Benefits Act of 1999, the National health Insurance Fund Act No. 8 of 1999 and Local Authorities long Fund Act. No. 6 of 2000. 6 Currently, on that point are five major formal institutions that provide social security protection in Tanzania.These are the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) whirl social security coverage to employees of priv ate sector and non- eligible parastatal and government employees, the Public attend Pension Fund (PSPF) providing social security protection to employees of central Government under eligible legal injury, Parastatal Pension Fund (PPF) offer social security coverage to employees of the both private and parastatal organizations, the Local Authorities Provident Fund (LAPF) oblation social security coverage to employees of the Local Government and the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) offering health insurance coverage to pensionable employees of central government.The formal social security total coverage in Tanzania is near 871,000 members distributed as 363,000 for NSSF, 193,000 for PSPF, 180,000 for NHIF, 90,000 for PPF and 45,000 for LAPF. This represents about 85% of the persons employed in the formal employment sector. 2. 4 The Impact of Social Security System in Tanzania Efforts by the government to provide social security protection in the country have brought about strong development. However, due to the absence of an elaborate social security policy to spend effective functioning of the industry, on that point are some structural, in operation(p) and policy weaknesses inherent in the social security system. a) i) Achievements enthronisation of Social Security bills 7Social security institutions in Tanzania have been investing in portfolios such as commercial loans, real estate, government securities, Loanable funds, bank deposits and equities all of which have contributed to social and macro-economic development of the country. ii) Awareness on Social Security Matters in that location has been an increase in the level of public sense on the social security system in respect of benefits offered, coverage, investments and general trading operations of the sector. iii) make Self-help Groups Informal social security scheme in the form of self-help groups has been more organized than before. (b) Shortcomings in the Current Social Security System The existing social security system in Tanzania is characterised by a number of shortcomings, which need to be addressed by this policy.Among these shortcomings are i) Limited reportage Persons cover by the social security schemes are those who are employed in the formal sector estimated at 1. 0 million. This is only about 5. 4% of the whole labour force of over 16 million Tanzanians. This means the remaining 15 million labour force, engaged in informal sector and comparatively more vulnerable are not covered by the formal social security protection. ii) Inadequacy of Benefits Paid (Number and Meaningfulness) 8 The number of benefits offered by most of the existing schemes fall below the ILO Minimum Standards in terms of number, graphic symbol and indexation to the current levels of earnings. ii) Fragmentation and overlook of Co-ordination The social security sector needinesss co-ordination at study level as each Fund reports to a different Ministry with differing operat ional rules and procedures. As a result, contribution rates, benefit structures, qualifying conditions as well as plans and priorities differ form one institution to another. iv) overleap of Mechanism for Portability of Benefit Rights at that place is no effected mechanism that can allow benefit rights of a member to be deepenred from one scheme to another. This results in employees losing some of their benefit rights when they move from one sector to another. v) Social Security Benefits In some of the Tanzanias social security schemes, members benefits are not rights but privileges.Normally, members well-situated some of their benefits if they leave employment before attainment of their pensionable ages. nature of termination. vi) Conflicts in the Existing Legislations Establishing legislations of the current social security institutions have provisions that conflict in terms of operations. In other circumstances, members benefit rights are determined by the employers dependin g on the 9 vii) Non-contributory Social Security Benefits Currently, there is a segment of remunerative workers who are getting social security benefits amply financed through tax tax incomes this is a lineage to the Government budget. viii) Liberalization thither has been a monopoly in the operation of social security institutions in the country. ix) investiture of Social Security Funds There has been inadequate guidance on investment of social security fund at national level 2. 5 i) Challenges In The Social Security System Weakening of Informal Social shelter System Socio-economic developments taking place in Tanzania have resulted into a slow but steady disintegration of the kinship or family-based social support systems on which the majority of Tanzanians have depended for protection against contingencies. Economic hardships have made it difficult for individuals, families and/or kin members to provide assistance to each other in time of crisis and need. The high rate of urb anisation has also taken its damage on traditional social protection systems.There has been increasing atomisation with families becoming more dispersed thereby eroding the capacitance of extended families to function as social golosh nets. ii) Limited Growth of the Formal Employment 10 Public sector reforms have resulted into retrenchment of workers, freezing employment in the public sector and privatisation of public enterprises. These have led to increased unemployment, which in turn has forced more people to resort to employment in the urban informal sector where earnings are often inadequate and/or uncertain. There is however a express mail result in employment in the private sector. iii) Reduced Access to Social function Despite the deliberate measures by the government to improve provision of ocial services to the public, hefty part of the population has either limited or no access to services. In some instances, cost sharing in the provision of social services has m inify the capacity of the people to access the services. iv) pitiable levels of incomeIncomes for the majority of the people in Tanzania are generally inadequate to meet their basic requirements and save for future use. v) Declaration of menial Insurable Earnings Some employers provide remunerations composed of basic salaries and allowances, while deductions for social security are based on basic salaries only, leading to lower benefits from social security institutions upon retirement. 2. Rationale For A Social Security polity The existing social security system has many shortcomings that include low coverage of the Tanzanian Society, atomization of 11 legislation, lack of restrictive framework, lack of a mechanism for portability of benefits and inadequacy of benefits provided. Therefore, the need for a well-articulated national social security policy is more eminent now than ever. In view of the foregoing, there is a need for having a spatiotemporal national social security policy that shall address the needs of employed people in the formal sector, self employed population in the informal sector, the elderly, people with disabilities and children in need of special protection.Therefore the social security policy is expected to Widen the chain of mountains and coverage of social security services to all the citizens Harmonize social security schemes in the country so as to eliminate fragmentation and rationalize contribution rates and benefit structures Reduce poverty through improved woodland and standard of benefits offered Institute a mechanism for good regime and sustainability of social security institutions through establishment of a regulatory body Establish a social security structure that is consistent with the ILO standards but with due regard to the socio-economic situation in the country and Ensure more transparency and involvement of social partners in the decision do with respect to social security institutions 12 CHAPTER THREE 3. PO LICY ISSUES AND STATEMENTS The general objective of the policy is to ensure that every citizen is protected against economic and social distress resulting from substantial loss in income due to various contingencies. Underlying the abovementioned general objective, this policy shall therefore address the following particularized issues 3. 1 constitution loose The expression of Social Security Sector diametrical social groups face different contingencies, then calling for varied types of protection. cooking of comprehensive social security services should follow a structure that recognises different levels of needs, utilises different funding sources and reflects roles of various stakeholders. insurance policy affirmation Provision of social security services in the country shall be structured as follows a) Social Assistance Programmes The Government shall get up the capacity to attend to the social assistance programmes that constitute services such as primary health primar y education, water, food security and social welfare services to vulnerable groups such as people with disabilities, the elderly and children in difficult circumstances on a means tested basis. Moreover, the government shall create an enabling surroundings for other institutions such as Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs), charitable organisations, families and mutual assistance groups to supplement the governments effort in the provision of such services. 13 b)Mandatory Schemes Mandatory social security institutions that shall operate under the social insurance principles in conformance with minimum acceptable standards and benchmarks. c) Supplementary Schemes Supplementary schemes shall be completed to cater for different social services like health, pensions and other types of insurance over and above those provided by mandatory and social assistance programmes. These schemes shall be run by employers, bodies private and companies, professional community-based organisations (CBOs). 3. 2 insurance policy vent coverage The existing mandatory social security schemes currently cover only 5. 4 % of the labour force estimated at 16. 0 million.The larger part of the labour force engaged in the informal sector that includes smallholder agriculture, small-scale mining, fishing, and petty businesses are inadequately covered by self-help initiatives. Moreover, approachability to the social welfare services by the single out groups is limited then the majority of the people are not covered by the formal social security schemes. form _or_ system of government affirmations a) Social Welfare Service shall be improved and extended to enhance accessibility to disadvantaged groups including people with disabilities, the elderly and children in difficult circumstances. b) A legal framework shall provide for all employees in the formal sector and devise means of extending coverage to the informal sector such as agricultural, 14 ining, fishing and small businesses. c) There shall be an act to support the formation of mutual assistance initiatives by the NGOs, CBOs and other groups operating at community level. d) Employers, fiscal institutions, professional associations, insurance companies, social security institutions and other organisations shall be enabled to establish adjuvant schemes to provide social security benefits over and above those provided by mandatory and social assistance programmes. 3. 3 policy fare Social Security as a Right According to Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of tenth December 1948 social protection is a rights issue.Likewise, Article 11(1) of the Constitution of the fall in body politic of Tanzania stipulates thatThe state authority shall make sequester provisions for the realisation of a persons right to work, to self education and social welfare at clock of old age, sickness or disability and in other cases of incapacity.. 3 In view of such provision there is still inadequate cover age of social security services to the Tanzanian Society. indemnity Statement Efforts shall be made to enhance awareness and 3 United commonwealth of Tanzania (1998) The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977 15 sensitisation of the society regarding the key and provision of social security services as a right.3. form _or_ system of government going Inadequacy of Benefits offered The number and quality of benefits offered by most of the existing social security funds are not adequate to meet the basic needs of beneficiaries in terms of the number of benefits, magnitude and indexation to the current levels of earnings. Policy Statement Social security schemes shall have a standard minimum number of benefits offered and indexed to the current levels of earnings of contributors. 3. 5 Policy Issue Portability of Social Security Benefits Benefit rights are not take-away when a member moves from one scheme to another due to differing legislations, operational rules and procedures. As a result members loose some of their benefit rights just by pitiful from one scheme to another. Policy Statement There shall be regulated mechanisms effected to enable portability of benefit rights when a member moves from one scheme to another. 3. 6Policy Issue Lack of Co-ordination 16 The current social security institutions are placed under different Ministries with different rules and procedures, as a result there is a conflict in the administration of social security matters. Policy Statement The social security sector shall be coordinated by the Ministry creditworthy for social security matters. 3. 7 Policy Issue Reciprocal Agreements for Transfer of Benefits Labour mobility across nations has become a common phenomenon due to globalisation and foreign investment, there by require people work and live in different countries and hence find themselves contributing to various social security institutions.Lack of a mechanism for transfer of benefit rights acros s nations may result into some members loosing their rights or being unable to qualify for better benefits. Policy Statement sound mechanisms shall be developed to provide for reciprocal agreements with other countries for transfer of social security benefits across nations. 3. 8 Policy Issue Partial Withdrawal of Benefits Social security schemes do not provide for pre-mature secessions of benefits by members before attainment of the pensionable age. However, due to unstable employment environment, low level of income of most of the workers and little awareness on social security matters, members have a tendency of demanding total 17 withdrawal of benefits upon termination of employment before the attainment of pensionable age.Policy Statement jural mechanisms shall be developed to allow for withdrawal of part of the accumulated benefits while the equilibrium shall remain for long-term benefits on ill-timed termination of their employment. 3. 9 Policy Issue Financing of Social S ecurity work The Government has the obligation of providing social security services to its citizens. However, due to limited resources the Government still provides limited services for salaried employees and individuals who can afford to contribute for the services. Policy Statements (a) Services under Social Assistance Programs shall be offered on a means-tested basis and financed by the general tax revenue and other grants. b) Mechanisms shall be established to ensure that all salaried employees and individuals, who can afford to contribute to the mandatory schemes, do so to ensure enhancement of benefits.3. 10 Policy Issue Guaranteeing of Mandatory Schemes The Government has the responsibility to guarantee members benefits in the event the established mandatory social security 18 schemes become insolvent. So far there is no concrete commitment by the Government to instil contributors confidence in their membership Policy Statement (a) (b) The Government shall continue to guar antee members benefits in the established mandatory schemes. The Government shall ensure that Social Security Schemes are managed competently. 3. 1 Policy Issue Taxation on Contributions, investment Income and Benefits Contributions and income accrued from investment by social security institutions are being taxed olibanum weakening the capacity of the schemes to offer quality benefit to members. Policy Statement The government shall continue to review tax policies to ensure contributions, benefits and income from investments to enable mandatory schemes offer meaningful benefits to members. 3. 12 Policy Issue Investment of Social Security Funds Investment of social security funds is an indwelling function of social security institutions. Sustainability of the schemes and benefit of benefits depend on investment income.Social security funds have often been order to areas where there is no stimulation of economic growth. There are no distinguishable guidelines directing investm ents of social security funds at the national level. 19 Policy Statement Guide lines will be developed based on principles of safety yield and liquidity. 3. 13 Policy Issue Good Governance Good governance is the key to smooth functioning and expertness in all social security schemes, as they are entrusted to manage funds on behalf of the contributors. There has been poor governance in social security services. Policy Statement There shall be guidelines to ensure that all social security schemes are transparent and accountable to the members and the public at large.3. 4 Policy Issue Legal Framework and Minimum Standards There is fragmentation of social security system in the country with respect to different legislations and design of the schemes. These schemes also lack minimum standards to guide their operations. Policy Statement There shall be an act to govern and standardize operations of the social security sector. The law shall also provide for the establishment of a regulator y body that shall ensure smooth and efficient operations of the sector. 20 3. 15 Policy Issue Liberalization of the Social Security Sector The current trend in the country is to liberalize various sectors in the economy. However, the current social sector is based on organization/institution monopoly in its operation.Policy Statements Social security institutions shall operate in a regulated liberalized market as followsWhile the existing Social mandatory Security social Services security under institutions shall operate and compete among themselves subsidiary schemes shall be fully liberalized. 21 CHAPTER IV 4. 0 ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS The different stakeholders shall have the following roles to play in the social security sector4. 1 The Government 4. 2 Coverage of the social assistance programmes wander an enabling environment for smooth operations of the social security To institute regulatory and legal framework Supervision of the sector. hostage of mandatory schemesSocia l Security Institutions Offering quality benefits and services Good governance of the schemes affaire of Stakeholders Widen coverage Awareness grounding and sensitisation 4. 3 Employers Registration of employees punctual and accurate remittance of contributions Awareness public and sensitisation Adherence to safety and occupational health rules 4. 4 Workers Unions Representation of workers interests in the social security Awareness presentation and sensitisation Support the social security industry. 22 sector 4. 5 NGOs/CBOs balance efforts by the Government in the provision of social assistance programmes and establishment of supplemental schemes Awareness creation to the public 4. 6 Communities Responsiveness to the needs of the vulnerable persons detect self-help traditions 23