Nurse Practice Act Essay

The treat send encounter (NPA) is the body of California law that mandates the Board to set out the kitchen stove of trust and responsibilities for RNs. The exert Act is located in the California backup and Professions engrave starting with Section 2700. Regulations that specify the implementation of the law come forth in the California Code of Regulations (Board Of breast feeding, n.d.). What is the NPA? How does it affect blows? What are the have a bun in the ovenments for getting a pity for license from the Board of Nursing? in all of these are important questions for some iodine to ponder when considering joining the nursing profession. let us explore the ins and outs of becoming and being and registered declare in California.What Is The give Practice ActThe bear Practice Act (NPA) is laws in to each one demesne that are instrumental in defining the sphere of nursing practice. NPAs protect public health, safety, and welfare. This protection includes shieldin g the public from unqualified and unsecured nurses. In each state, statutory law directs entry into nursing practice, defines the scope of practice, and establishes disciplinary procedures. verbalise bestrides of nursing oversee this statutory law. They have the righteousness and authority to protect the public by determining who is competent to practice nursing (Business And Professions Code, n.d.).Nursing Chapter SixThis chapter of the Business and Professions Code constitutes the chapter on paid nursing and shall be construed as revisory and amendatory of the laws heretofore enacted. It may be cited as the Nursing Practice Act (Chapter 6 Nursing). article one administration. This is the Board of Nursing and this section remains in effect until January 2012 unless it is voted to keep on the authority. The nursing hop on consists of nine members. Four represent the public at large and have no license and no ties to the healthcare industry. The identity card also has 2 re gistered nurses, one advanced practice nurse, one nurse educator, and one registered nurse that is an administrator of a nursing service (Business And Professions Code, n.d.). each(prenominal) members must be a citizen of the United States and a Resident of the State of California.All appointments shall be for a term of four years and vacancies shall be filled for the unexpired term. No person shall serve more than two consecutive terms. Board positions appointed by the Governor, the senate rules Committee and the Speaker of the Assembly. The board elects from its members a president, vice president, and whatever other officers as it may bind necessary. The officers of the board shall hold their respective positions during their four-year term (Business And Professions Code, n.d.). The Governor has the power to accept any member of the board from office for neglect of any barter required by law, or for incompetency, or unprofessional or ignominious conduct. The board for the p urpose of transacting its business must meet at least(prenominal) once every three months, at times and places it designates by firmness (Business And Professions Code, n.d.).Protection of the public shall be the highest priority for the Board of Registered Nursing in exercising its licensing, regulatory, and disciplinary functions. Whenever the protection of the public is inconsistent with other interests seek to be promoted, the protection of the public shall be paramount (Chapter 6 Nursing). hold two scope of regulations. According to Board Of Nursing (n.d.), the practice of nursing within the meaning of this chapter means those functions, including basic health care. Helping passel cope with difficulties in daily living that are associated with their actual or potential health or illness problems or the treatment thereof, and that require a substantial amount of scientific knowledge or proficient skill (Chapter 6 Nursing). Direct and indirect patient care function that en sure the safety, comfort, personal hygiene, and protection of patients and the performance of disease prevention and corrective measures (Business And Professions Code, n.d.).Direct and indirect patient care services, including, but not particular(a) to, the administration of medications and therapeutic agents, necessary to implement a treatment, disease prevention, or rehabilitative regimen ordered by and within the scope of licensure of a physician, dentist, podiatrist, or clinical psychologist (Business And Professions Code, n.d.). The performance of skin tests, immunization techniques, and the withdrawal of man blood from veins and arteries (Business And Professions Code, n.d.). Observation of signs and symptoms of illness, reactions to treatment, normal behavior, or general physical condition, and finale of whether the signs, symptoms, reactions, behavior, or general appearance exhibit abnormal characteristics, and implementation, based on observed abnormalities, of approp riate reporting, or referral, or standardized procedures, or changes in treatment regimen in accordance with standardized procedures, or the introduction of emergency procedures (Business And Professions Code, n.d.).There are standardized policies and procedures developed through coaction with the Division of Licensing of the Medical Board of California and the Board of Registered Nursing may jointly approve or design new policy and procedures. If chuck into effect by official proclamation, the guidelines shall be administered by the Board of Registered Nursing (Business And Professions Code, n.d.). A registered nurse can dispense drugs or devices when ordered by a licensed physician or surgeon. A registered nurse cannot be employed to perform dispensing exclusively. A registered nurse cannot dispense medication in a pharmacy keep a pharmacy, open shop or a drugstore for retailing drugs or poisons. No registered nurse shall involved drugs (Business And Professions Code, n.d.).Th e Business and Professional Code, n.d. also includes how to get a license to be a registered nurse. An applicant must have completed such general preliminary education requirements as shall be determined by the board. lead successfully completed the courses of instruction prescribed by the board for licensure, in a program in this state accredited by the board for training registered nurses, or have successfully completed courses of instruction in a school of nursing outside of this state which, in the persuasion of the board at the time the application is filed with the Board of Registered Nursing, are equivalent weight to the minimum requirements of the board for licensure established for an accredited program in this state (Business And Professions Code, n.d.). The board shall issue a license to each applicant who passes the scrutiny and meets all other licensing requirements. The board shall discipline the holder of any license, whose evasion has been entered or who has been h eard by the board and found guilty, by any of the following methods(a) Suspending judgment.(b) Placing him upon probation.(c) Suspending his right to practice nursing for a period not exceeding one year.(d) Revoking his license.(e) Taking such other action in relation to disciplining him as the board in its discretion may moderate proper (Business And Professions Code, n.d.).Chapter Six of the Business and Professional Code not but covers registered nurses but the following articles are also included a) Article 2.5. Nurse-Midwivesb) Article 3. Disciplinary Proceedingsc) Article 3.1 Diversion Programd) Article 3.5 Nursing Corporationse) Article 4. Nursing Schoolsf) Article 5. Penal Provisionsg) Article 6. tax revenueh) Article 6.5. Public Health Nurse Certificationi) Article 7. Nurse Anesthetistsj) Article 8. Nurse Practitionersk) Article 9. Clinical Nurse SpecialistsThe Nurse Practice Act as it is written in the Business and Professional Code defines and lays out a scope of pract ice to direct a nurse at any level to provide the best possible care while staying within their scope of practice. By following the Nurse Practice Act and providing professional skilled nursing, I will be commensurate to provide care and help my patients to the best of my ability while staying in the confines that my license allows.ReferencesBusiness and professions code. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp//www.rn.ca.gov/regulations/bpc.shtmlBoard of nursing. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.rn.ca.gov/regulations/npa.shtml

Explain what is SWOT

McDonalds possesses good market share. It has the oversizedst abstain feed market shares in the world with outlets from over 100 different countries. Heavily Invested In advertising, McDonalds spends to the highest degree $2 billion In advertisements yearly. Customers are aware of McDonalds latest promotional material and products from TV commercial, leaflets and signboards. In addition, McDonalds has a superior reputation. Its brand recognition is set at $40 billion.Every age group has heard of and knows about McDonalds. Further more(prenominal), it is exceedingly owned by independent franchise. More than 80% of McDonalds restaurants are operated by franchise, allowing the restaurants to improve their service systems. Lastly, McDonalds targets at children by suffice a bulky variety of kids meals which are complimented with different popular toys. Many restaurants a standardized demand a segmented play area for children. 2. 2 Weakness Howard Crawford (May 201 3) has also s hared the following weaknesses of McDonalds restaurants.Unhealthy food menu Is a weakness as McDonalds main menu is burgers, fries and coke. McDonalds Is said to disrupt the eating array of people especially the youngsters. Another weakness of McDonalds its negative publicity as it has always received negative remarks for its workers bad service, creating environmental problems such as using environmentally unfriendly materials for its packaging and infringing animal rights. For example, using scandalmongerings from chicken farms whose reputation on treating their animals is questionable.Low differentiation is yet other weakness. Other brands of fast food restaurants such as Burger King and Wends serve about the comparable type of menu as McDonalds. 2. 3 Opportunity Howard Crawford (May 201 3) commented that McDonalds has tried to fly high Its customers base by entering Into new and popular products. MacAfee offers premium coffees, smoothies and cakes to puff more customers an d to retain its existing New, healthier food items have been structured into McDonalds menu in a bid to attract more consumers.Corn cups, orchard apple tree dippers and apple Juice have been introduced as a healthier choice to the unhealthy fries and soft drinks. In the future, McDonalds can consider serving baked potatoes, cherry tomatoes or even whole meal cooky for the healthy-conscious consumers. McDonalds can consider expansion into foreign markets. Although McDonalds is the world largest fast food restaurant, some countries akin Vietnam, Jamaica and Yemen still do not have McDonalds in their countries. It can also consider expanding the area of its home meal pitching service.Most area n Singapore has McDonalds delivery service but countries like UK still does not have a delivery service. 2. 4 Threats change magnitude societal focuses on healthy eating may be a threat to McDonalds (Howard Crawford, May 2013) as more people increasing more health conscious of eating healthy food which could in turn, dilute the demand for fast food. Competitor pressure in developed countries is another threat. There are already many fast food restaurants like Burger King & Wendy in developed countries. It is very difficult for McDonald to achieve large financial growth in this overcrowded market.

Algeria and Libya

The entire world is aware of the position that Italy, France, England, and many others of European and Western origins were settlers in various places around the world, and these pile established colonies in these nations, thereby influencing and impacting the nations people greatly. Take Italy, for example. This was a nation that was among the refinement in Europe to start imperial expansion, probably because of the particular that the city- realms were not united until the second half of the nineteenth century.Libya was one of the last fewer African territories that escaped colonization until the end of the nineteenth century, precisely its very proximity to Italy made sure that Libya was influenced in three study areas, identical state wee-weeation, the modes of popular resistance, and the types of regimes that emerged after license. (Bruce St John, Ronald (2004) Algeria was one of the countries that was subjected to heavy compound influence. Areas like education, busin ess, and so on were controlled by the cut for almost a hundred years, and the impact is felt in the country even today, in certain aspects of life in Algeria.(Algeria, Arabization 1993) It is important to remember that in Algeria and in Libya, colonial policies were shaped by the specific politics and economics everyday in each European colonial state at the time, like for example in Italy, the colonial policy was a liberal one, recognizing topical anesthetic states of resistance. This factor enabled Libya to follow different modes of resistance. As far as Algeria was cin one caserned, the French colonial policies were different, and in essence, it can safely be said that French colonization managed to destroy the pre-colonial state of Algeria (Ahmida, Abdullathif Ali 1994)Now, one can examine the state defining of Libya and Algeria, so that one can understand better how Italy and France influenced these both states in this aspect. State formation in these states is an issue of national consciousness. France support European colonization in Algeria from 1834 onwards, and Muslim lands were confiscated and in their place, a flourish colony was created, completely separate from the Muslim majority. Muslims of the state emulated the popular form of resistance to European influence by proclaiming a war of freedom, creation terrorist attacks against the French in the process.It was in 1962 that Charles de Gaulle was able to successfully proclaim independence for Algeria, and the Islamic Salvation Front enjoyed great popularity at the time because of its democrat appeal. Violence, however, continues in Algeria to this day, and the majority of perpetrators are Muslim extremists. There is no serenity in Algeria, and many experts feel that the European colonization, the subsequent fight for independence, the formation of the state, and eventually the regimes that emerged after independence may have influenced the state in an adverse manner. (Naylor C Phillip 2 001)Most Libyans today would remember the fierce fight for independence from colonization and escape from the all pervasive Italian influence. In 1970, Colonel Qaddafi managed to kick out more than twenty thousand Italians who were living in Libya at the time, scarcely today, Italy is one of Libyas largest partners in trade. In 1988, Libya was implicated in an strain crash in Lockerbie, Scotland, and subsequently, the UN has imposed sanctions on the country. When Qaddafi refused to comply with the sanctions, Libya became politically and economically isolated during the 1990s.Illegal migration continues to this day, and recently, Italy had to pass an order to curb the phenomenon, but apparently, Libya has done nought to implement it. Saif al-Islam, the son of Qaddafi, announced that he would sign a pass around to compensate Libyans for thirty two years of Italian colonization. (Undoing the Damage 2008) In 2003, Libya showed its willingness to rid itself of weapons of mass destru ction, and also of its missile program Missile technology Control regime. (Background note, Libya 2007) Today, it can be said that although Libya and Algeria revolted against colonization, they did learn a few lessons from the Europeans, and their influence has lasted to this day. The countries maintain amicable relations with each other to this day, although contention and opposition does exist at all levels. European influence at several different levels and in different aspects of life cannot be denied, however, and perhaps this is the reason why leaders in Algeria and Libya tend to try their surpass even today to deny any allegiance to the people who were once the leaders of their countries.References Ahmida, Abdullathif Ali (1994) The Making of Modern Libya, State Formation, Colonization Google Book attend Retrieved sumptuous 20, 2008 from http//books. google. co. in/books? id=eUM2phcxIFIC&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=settler+colonial+policies+of+Italy+and+France&source=web&ots= yVOfYhDdLT&sig=SMwjAMfMXLNufvTXCUK9BZ_RHQU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result Algeria, Arabization (1993) Country Data. com Retrieved high-flown 20, 2008 from http//www. country-data. com/cgi-bin/query/r-365. html Background note, Libya (2007) Bureau of Near Eastern affairs Retrieved on awful 20, 2008 from http//africanhistory. about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite. htm? zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=africanhistory&cdn=education&tm=120&gps=322_421_796_420&f=10&tt=14&bt=0&bts=1&zu=http%3A//www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5425. htm Naylor C Phillip (2001) History Algeria Part 3 Retrieved August 20, 2008 from http//www. discoverfrance. net/Colonies/Algeria3. shtml Undoing the Damage (2008) The Economist July 31 retrieved on August 20, 2008 from http//www. annoticoreport. com/2008/08/italy-and-libya-continue-reconciliation. html Bruce St John, Ronald (2004) Libyas Former Colonial Master The Globalist Retrieved August 20, 2008 from http//www. theglobalist. com/DBWeb/StoryId. aspx? StoryId=3813

Essay on Stereotypes ††Example Essay

StereoTypes Introduction sorts be a part of our ordinary life. We hear stereotypes every day and everywhere. Some generation we can find ourselves in a situation where we make stereotypes for a large stem of population. each person, young or old, is labelled with either positive or negatively charged stereotypes. Stereotyping is a way that tribe group each other. Each group is called by name, that doesnt really fit to everyone in that specific group. Stereotypes affect populations social lives, emotions, and how tidy sum interact with their environment.There argon times that you are non so pass on to the idea of meeting refreshful mass, and making new friends. You wear outt want to go outside, because we learn contrive our own set of rules in this world. We know that we get criticized virtually what we wear every single day We are criticized in which medicinal drug we listen to, how we look like, how we act, and who we hang out with. We are also criticized on every other personal trait and imperfection we gain. We engage put the bar way up high, maybe too high for our potentials.Stereotype Essay What we really know?We can non afford all the stereotyping that is going on between us. After we come and we say to people to estimable be who they are. If we say to a person that he or she is a hippie, fair(a) from the way they are dressed, that is just totally wrong. Hippie is someone who rejects the culture, not just the one who has long hair and wears beads. We are using the row in the wrong way. There are many people that moderate no friends, because they are tired of their critique. Leave everything behind and dont let stereotypes ruin your social life.Stereotypes have an enormous impact of how we feel. That makes people have no motivation on that pointfore they wont have level-headed military operation at any level in their life.For represent if a kid is sterile as black and obese, how can these speech make him feel good, so that he/she can move on to the next level This can grow psychological pressure. Other people face stereotypes as a threat. For example there is a stereotype that says that women are abominable drivers. It puts blush more pressure on how they feel, not only creation around people who are labelling them, but existence around people that they trust. They will try to prove to them that this is just a stereotype and it does not exist. In supplement, this occurs in situations where people worry for their performance and how they look like. Besides that people dont want their sad performance to lead to negative stereotypes.To modify or extend this analyse or to get pricing on a custom canvass forgather Us TodayMembers of stereotyped groups worry of what they are doing, and this makes them stressed, because they think that they have to be perfect, in all aspects of their lives People get tired of being criticized all the time. When there is no one able to close peoples mouths, they start to become isolated. In the same way they dont talk, because they are afraid to say something wrong, so that they wont look silly. They are afraid of failure. For example, people considerm surprised when they see men cry or being emotional. They think that men are not allowed to express their feelings, or men have no feelings at all. Men are not unconscious, they have feelings, but that is just a stereotype and a generalization from our society. It is easy to see that with are actions and sayings we are trying to kill emotions and thoughts We should learn how to instruction our feelings and emotions, instead of letting stereotypes control them.In addition, your surroundings can be affected as well. If you had a bad day because someone just stereotyped you, when you go family unit or to your friends you are going to be really anxious. In addition you would probably get irritated or feel sad at the same time. You just go to your room or sit merely in a corner. When your loved ones see you like that they are not going to feel any better, because your emotions are now in control, and you just pass them around. In other words you broadcast your feelings to others.Furthermore there are times teachers question their students Did I create a good environment, so that you can be able to talk and share ideas with the remainder of your class? Well, sometimes teachers cannot change this situation. The only people that can create a comfortable and happy atmosphere are us the students. They are many stereotypes going in and out of every classroom. Thats why sometimes students can be afraid to share ideas, because before they were stereotyped as nerds. These days people are afraid to be themselves, because they disquietude other people. They dont want people to think something bad for them. Secrets, thoughts, and ideas, are all held down. Stereotypes can be an obstacle as to how open you are with people and how you make people feel when you are with them de structionInstead of focusing on all the mistakes of each person, we should start gainful more attention of how unique each person is. Stereotype causes people to feel lonely and even sometimes depressed. Its also deadly for their environment and their social life. We should keep stereotypes out of the picture, even though sometimes we can be victims ourselves. Stop judging people before you even get to know them.You may also like reading oration Examples Methodology Essays Dissertation ExampleTo modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodaySummary Reviewer Admin Robert Gil Review Date 2017-06-30 Reviewed Item Essay on StereoTypes Custom Essay Writing Free Sample Author evaluation 5

Allowing Gays To Adopt

In most fictional characters, the legality of sufferance is based very powerfully upon the principle of bear. Consent refers to the agreement by the frys p arnts or the childs guardian (the person or the agency nether whose custody the child is) to accede the child for bankers acceptance and to expel the rights and duties with move to the child. The process of acquiesceing requires that the birth nourishs of the child notify a settle or solicit officials in writing.Alternatively, a part from the biological p bents, another(prenominal) people issuing their bear provoke be the agency in charge of the child, the guardians, the court of practice of law, or a close relative or the next friend who has already attained the legal age. In more or slight maintains such as the Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia for instance, the child should smother consent when or when above 14. Sometimes this may be abnegated if the child is mentally ill. The execution of the consen t normally takes 13 days era cases with the fastest ratification speed may take 12-24 hours.Heretofore, the next coiffe may differ since rules are state-specific. In most states, the written consent is notarized to the concerned public, while in other states the consenting parents are taken for counseling as despicable the matter. A provision for the revocation of the consent is normally very limited but in most cases, the adoption process is irrevocable. States in which thither are absolutely no provision for the revocation include Mississippi, Samoa and the Nebraska.The limited provision semen in when the parents or guardians were defrauded, coerced or were downstairs duress when issuing their consent. Some states also field a time frame within which any case of disgruntlement can be aired by the parents. Conversely if the application to revoke the consent has been found to be in the interest of the child or if some(prenominal) the biological parents and the adoptive pa rents make reached this consensus, it will be the duty of the court of law to consider the petition.The 14th amendment of the American constitution, a post well-bred war judicial reconstruction, was originally intended to bolster the 13th amendment which in turn had brought slavery to a grinding halt. This amendment was to promote the rights of the former slaves. When it was proposed in the June 13, 1866, it spelt appear agree security measures of all by the law, bear the Sepa prize but equal doctrine. This amendment placed all persons on the valetgeneous pedestal since all became under wholeness law. It is upon this concept of equality that the marginalized groups began to come out for equal recognition.Privacy rights such as abortion, homo internality became subject to debates. shortly perhaps the most heated form of debate is the maven touching on the prospects of ethereal adoption (Ricketts, 1991). The laws for the best interest of the child scoop out that for any no rmal child to develop well, this should happen under the legal power of the two parents. It is on this backdrop that in the best interest of the child, the law has come up with regulations which are geared towards the childs protection for instance, in case of a divorce.By default, the law stipulates that upon divorce, both parents should have equal access and responsibility to and over the child. This can only be negated upon a parent being found to be harmful to the child. As furthest as the issue of the best interest of the child in carnal knowledge to dauntless parenting is concerned, the law is not yet unified and therefore varies from mavin state to another. For instance homophile(a) parenting is prohibited in Florida but reconstructions are underway to recognize it in Alabama, Georgia, Ohio and Tennessee.The pro- fairylike parenting legal practiti sensationrs argue that it is better for a child to have a two parent family than a one parent one, and that it will be furthe ring the interest of the child since a two parent family can easily fend for the childs unavoidably than if the child had one or no parent at all. A case these lawyers have brought to the fore is the fact that there are soon (Clifford, Hertz, Doskow, Curry 2007)119,000 needy children in the US alone waiting to be adopted. Furthermore, they posit that children have more serious concerns than their parents sexual orientation.Discrimination against children raised by gay parents is not so far fetched compared to the favoritism encountered by gay parents. In America, this is not much of a occupation compared to Australia where the parents are discriminated against in areas touching on taxation, social security, and workers compensation. The only case of discrimination against children with gay parents witnessed in Australia is limited to the peer groups and is always manifested in schools and in the neighborhood.This is because the Article 2 of the Convention of the Rights of the Chi ld which was ratified in the 1990 sternly warns against child discrimination of any kind (Ricketts, 1991). Although some contain that there is no strong basis for the prohibition of the adoption by gay parenting, yet children rights and welfare agencies cite the child bearing studies on the other hand to maintain that children raised in heterosexual wedding ceremonys wave best emotionally, physically and mentally.They maintain that spates of violence are 2-3 times high in man labor unions when compared to the heterosexual ones. In addition to this, they posit that homosexual marriages are always susceptible to dissolution with the normal gay marriage lasting 2-3 years and that homosexual activities are often marked with shopping centre dependence, mental illnesses, suicidal tendencies and a shortened lifespan in comparison to heterosexual marriages.The proponents of identical sex marriage and the adoption by the aforesaid(prenominal) sex parents have countered that these d ysfunctions accrued by this group are as a result of the US socio-economic pressure, to which the opponents of adoption by the gay parents rebutted that the aforementioned(prenominal) pressure rests on the normative/conservative form of marriage without surrender such results (Lerner and Nagai 2001). They further deliberate that children adopted or reared under the same sex marriage are highly vulnerable to sexual confusion, homo sexual behavior and premature sex.Nevertheless, it must be kept in mind that numerous strides have been made to entrench gay adoption and this has also produced gradual acceptance of the practice. A testimony to this is Florida which since 1977 had proscribed gay adoption but as per now efforts are in the polish off to abrogate this law due to the push by the American well-mannered Liberties Union (ACLU) on the Supreme Court. In the same vein, the 1997 ACLU fact sheet, the gay parenting statistics to confirm this discloses that approximately, 6-14 milli on children are living under gay parenting.This could heretofore be an understatement since most gays and lesbians are always reserved about disclosing the grammatical construction of their families due to fear of losing children (Mc Gurry, 2003). These changing prospects can be attributed to the fact that the dialect on traditional form of marriage is gradually waning, and the subsequent overturning of state laws to assimilate gay marriages is in force. A case in closure is when the then president Bill Clinton, signed the Defense On matrimony Act (DOMA), thus giving way to same sex marriage in Hawaii (Rimmerman, Wald, Wilcox, 2000). human being adoption is also growing because of the fast rate with which gay parenting is spreading. Gay parenting, apart from the normal procedure of adoption occurs when one partner pulls out of a heterosexual marriage while hushed maintaining the custody of a child and moves into a gay marriage or, by means of lesbians opting for an artificial insemination upon siring a child enters into an agreement with gay partners for adoption. The co-parent adoption occurs when one gay who has an adopted child with him moves in with a partner who mechanically assumes the role of a co- parent.This practice is common in Washington, District of Columbia, Vermont, California, Minnesota, Alaska, and operating room (Tonnerson, Andenaes and Wintemute, 2001). As touching on the stability of the children, the children grow up wakeless and well ad thated compared to those who have one or no parent at all. This scores highly with the concept of the best interest of a child since the childs financial and material needs are met. Conversely, the children under gay adoption turn out successfully just as the ones under heterosexual care.The American Psychological Association (AMA), out of its research maintained categorically that there was no evidence that children brought under gay adoption and parenting were susceptible to maladjustment or that they turned out less intelligent or suffered low self esteem neither was there a connection between homosexuality and pedophilia or train influence in the childs sexual orientation in future. On the contrary, the AMA observed that 90% of child sexual abuses were carried out by heterosexual men (Baker, 2005).To further dispel the misgivings on gay adoption, both the parents who want to adapt a child undergo a viewing procedure which is a meticulous exercise meant to filter out those who have less prospects of making good parents. The fact that many potential gay parents navigate successfully these enchanted waters is a testimony of the fictional character of parents they would make. Bibliography. Baker P. Public Discourses of Gay men. Rutledge join States, 2005. Clifford D. Hertz F. Doskow E. Curry H. A Legal Guide for Lesbian and Gay Couples. Nolo United States, 2007. Lerner R. Negai A.No Basis What studies go intot tell us about parenting. Marriage Law Projects / ethics and Pu blic Policy Center United States, 2001. Mc Garry J. K. Fatherhood for Gay Men Emotional and Practical Guide to becoming a gay dad. Haworth Press United States, 2003. Ricketts W. Lesbians and Gay men as foster parents. Wendel/ Ricketts United States, 1991. Rimmerman A. C. Wald D. K. Wilcox C. The Politics of Gay Rights University of Chicago United States, 2000. Tonnerson M. Andenaes R. Wintemute M. Legal Recognition of similar Sex Partnership A Study of National and European Law. hart Publishing

“Bisy Backson” representing Western Society Essay

In the novel, The Tao of Pooh we ar introduced to Bisy Backson who lives the most misguided of Western Society, as well, we are shown that Western societal bring forwarders/philosophers/writers represent, in their own way, the Tao. Bisy Backson confuses exercise with work and action mechanism with creativity. The Bisy Backson is almost desperately active, (p. 93) says Benjamin Hoff. He adds, Lets determine it this way if you want to be healthy, relaxed, and contented, conscionable watch what a Bisy Backson does and thusly do the opposite. Often, in Western Society, we focus on the final yield before we have begun the journey.When Pooh considers what he likes best in the world, he decides the arcsecond just before you begin to eat honey was what he enjoys most. In effect, it is the journey, or the process, that we most enjoy. This, of course, goes against the typical persons attitude toward a task, in Western Society. The goal is to get the task usurpe (much like this diary assignment). The process is often dealn as punitive. Pooh would say to enjoy the process to see it as an opportunity to create, to develop, and, above all, to understand the central role of transplant and growth in life.Western societal thinkers/philosophers/writers represent, in their own way, the Tao, because actually, I do not think they represent Taoism, at all. Taoism, I think, is basically just to enjoy life in its simplest form, and not to worry overly much take life as a gift and just enjoy it. Again, I think. After reading this book, (I still have devil or three more chapters to go), I still cannot have intercourse to understand a simple meaning of Taoism. I have looked on the internet, and it is nothing like Pu, because everything I have come across is all so complex. Anyway, if Taoism is that, Western societal thinkers/philosophers/writers do not represent it, at all They chief everything, want to know answers, and usually they question their own existence.Wou ld someone who is someone like, Pooh, question their existence? I dont think so. In addition, Western societal thinkers/philosophers/writers do not let on how they should question, they do not learn these theories, they do not learn virtually Taoism, they just merrily think and their answers of their questions may just so happen to fall under Taoism. They do not study Taoism to think like a Taoist. They do not read The Tao of Pooh, to learn about how they should think though manyphilosophy courses, such as conjecture of Knowledge, may be text based, which I find, is ironic. For direct reference to the text, What does Christopher robin do in the mornings? He learns. He becomes educated. He integratesknowledge Of course, all this said with some lyric capitalized for no reason, and other random words to get to the point. Philosophers do not learn, they teach themselves.

Disaster and Emergency Management

The Philosopher Aristotle s attend to that the greatest virtues are those which are closely useful to other persons and former US President John Adams similarly said that if we do not lay out ourselves in the divine service of mankind whom should we serve? I believe that I have lived up to the sayings of a great thinker and a leader and nothing is more than rewarding than to give my life to safeguard the security of Canada and my unpolishedmen. After my Bachelors spirit level in Criminology in York University, I worked as a Signal instrument in the Canadian Forces Army Reserve Toronto Communication Regiment for vii years.As a Signal Operator, I have installed and operated satellite communication systems and digitized high-frequency in come in to facilitate useful need communications during domestic emergency operations. The job also allowed me to jazz local area networks (LANs) and local scattering networks, operate cryptographic equipment, generate key material, coordin ate circuit damages in communications and information networks, plan communications services, and perform in land operations.Due to my skills and abilities, I have managed three member mobile wireless detachment units in various extreme weather conditions, taught new recruits on the use of communications equipment at the Canadian Forces School of Communication and Equipment and manage the safekeeping of top secret communications equipment. In the army, I am tasked to fight as infantry and use personal weapons, reconnaissance and element level tactics when the need arise.From November 5, 2007 to present, I have been working as a Border Service Officer to safeguard the security and resistance of the Canadians from people who are entering the border. I have to assure my country that these people give not threaten their lives and no prohibited goods leave alone pass through the border. All people and goods getting into Canada must keep abreast with Canadian laws and regulations. In a fight against terrorism, I assist in combating money laundering activities, prohibit the entry of firearms and detain people who gravel as threat to my country.To safeguard the health of our people, I have to be on guard against the introduction of human, animal and plant diseases as well up as the flow of narcotics and other illegal and prohibited substances. In form with the sister abuse and protection law, I prevent the practice of child trafficking and child pornography. In August 2006, I completed my BS Criminology stratum with keep an eye ons and I was placed on the Deans Honour Roll List as well as the Sessional AcademicAchievement list at York University.With my academic achievement, knowledge and skills, I am confident that I would clear an excellent addition to the graduate program in Disaster and indispensability Management at York University. My passion for public safety and security will be enhanced when I obtain a Masters ground level as I will learn to d esign and implement effective policies related to emergency response and preventative techniques for the Canadian soldiers in order to increase the protection at our borders and airports.Upon completion of the program, I will be prepared to occupy the senior management level position and drop a line new policies, procedures and regulations as well as updating existing ones. I will also be deployed to Afghanistan and several overseas missions throughout my career. The knowledge and skills that I will gain will be used to aid Canadian soldiers, NATO allies and UN personnel who are affected by congenital disasters and acts of terrorism. The 911 incidence awakened my passion to be totally committed in safeguarding Canada and protecting the lives of my countrymen.The potential threat to our security has increased tremendously after(prenominal) 911. Something has to be done and I believe that I have a role and a mission in protecting the interest of the Canadians. The descent of the M asters in Disaster and Emergency Management program at York University is the tool that will help me become professional in this field. The participation cry for a secured and peaceful Canada can never be disregard and nothing can stop me from reaching my goals.ReferencesHeartQuotes (2007). HeartQuotes Quotes of the Heart. Retrieved fromhttp//www.heartquotes.net/Service.html on celestial latitude 19, 2007.Thinkexist.com Quotation. John Adams quotes Retrieved from http//thinkexist.com/quotes/john_adams/ on December 19, 2007.

Kant and the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics

harmonise to Kant metaphysics is the occupation of reason with itself. In more concrete terms, it is the mind put to work logical connections among a priori concepts and coming to an accusative faithfulness thereby, without file name extension to experience.1 The question posed by him in the Prolegomena is whether such an objective truth is at all potential. The conclusion derived in the end is that there is so such an objective truth, which is effected do staring(a) reason. But evenly important in the assertion is that such metaphysics is beyond hu troops understanding.The call Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics suggests that Kant does indeed anticipate an irrefutable metaphysics to be in the grasp of men in the future, but he neer makes such a claim in the text itself. The thing that Kant aimed for was clarity in the field of metaphysical endeavor, and this is the future metaphysics. Future can be understand in two ways here. First in the sense already suggeste d, so that metaphysical thinking is founded on a scientific basis, in which the terms and strategies it employs are well defined. But it can in addition be hinting at transcendental possibility, that by which all contradictions are resolved through pure reason.Scientific clarity is the aim, and thus Kant justifies the labor involved in reexamination Of Pure Reason (1781), of which the Prolegomena was a sequel meant to make more accessible. He is at pains to point out that there is a moral obligation involved here. People can non surrender themselves to unreason, because reason is the actually make-up of the gentleman, so postulates Kant. The suggestion that reason be aband peerlessd was make by David Hume, who had spelt out a comprehensive theory of falsifiable skepticism.All our hold upledge is through sense perceptions, therefore are entirely prejudiced, and can non be tied into an absolute whole through the application of reason. It is merely by the means of custom that we acquire a coherent existenceview, he maintained.2 Kant proverb this as a capitulation to unreason. It was not just Humes individualized viewpoint that mattered. It was indeed a wider crisis in metaphysics that he was addressing.When Newtons physics could not be subsumed under any metaphysics, this engendered an intellectual confusion, and Humes solution was that metaphysics be abandoned as impossible. Kant enjoined that it is impossible to abandon metaphysics, for man reasons by necessity. Instead of finality we must(prenominal) aim for metaphysical clarity, and this is abruptly contingent upon us, indeed a moral obligation. He made what seem to be boastful claims about the crucial importance of the Critique in the history of metaphysics, but a closer examination will fork out that it is not from conceit, but rather from moral outrage.The true nature of metaphysics is hardened out with scientific clarity in the Critique and the Prolegomena, and this is the consequence tha t Kant wants to convey, not the final out tell apart. He takes Hume to task in the very opening of the CritiqueAlthough all our discernledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it arises entirely from experience. For it is quite possible that our existential knowledge is a compound of that which we receive through impressions and that which our give birth qualification of knowing (incited by impressions) supplies from itself.3When considering sensual perception he send-off makes the distinction between a priori and a posteriori, the first suggesting an innate forwardness of the mind, and the second is a facility borne after the event. The second distinction is between analytical and unreal propositions. In an analytic proposition the testify is contained inwardly the subject, such as the flamingo is a bird. In a artificial proposition the predicate adds something young to the subject, such as the flamingo is pink. The pinkness is not in the definition of flami ngo, but rather has to be got from observation, and therefore it is also a posteriori.Synthetic a posteriori propositions are employed in the field of ingrained science. On the other hand all mathematical truths are innate, i.e. we mark their truth before sensory perception. They are also synthetic when we label 3+4=7, then 7 is a new concept, not contained in either 3 of 4. Mathematics holds the key fruit to metaphysics, according to Kant. It demonstrates that synthetic a priori propositions are possible, which is contrary to normal expectation. We happen that whatever is innate is necessarily analytical. We are what we are, separated from the objective subjective world beyond us. Against this instinctive point of view, Kant contended that we are not static observers of an external world separated from us, but that with our innate faculties we synthesize our suffer subjective reality.The first stage of this synthesis is when we intuit objects in our perception. Things in th emselves can never appear to us we only have subjective sensory data to work with. It is a meaningless jumble of light, sound, touch, druthers and smell, but then our faculty of sensibility intervenes and creates order out of this chaos. This faculty is synthetic a priori, and makes use of pure intuitions. Space is one such pure intuition. Newton had maintained that set is an external, absolute and inviolable reality. Kant counters that, no, space is pure intuition. Time is another such.Through the faculties of sensibility we come to make a concept of perception. Thus far it is an entirely subjective viewpoint, with no objective framework to relate to that would link our views with those of others. This is the function of our judgment of experience. It too is synthetic a priori, and links the objects of perception into a rational order that facilitates understanding. This is done through pure concepts of understanding, and causation is one of them. Through this faculty we know th at one event is cause to another, and thus wise we have come across Humes impasse, where he could find no rational restore that could link a effect to a cause when confined to empirical sense data.4 Cause and effect is thus a concept of human understanding. Such understanding is composed of components that are a priori and synthetic, and it is meant to make the world intelligible to us.Just because the world is made intelligible, it does not imply that we do not meet contradiction. When we think we do so discursively, i.e. we think by make propositions in terms of subjects and predicates. But each subject we introduce is the predicate of another subject in an infinite chain. Because the absolute subject is beyond our grasp, discursive reason naturally leads to fallacies. In fact each simple proposition will be found to have an equally legitimate refutation, which together are described as pairs of antimonies. Kant cites four cosmological antimonies, one of which places infinite space against a limited one. He goes on to show that there is no contradiction in essence. As originating in the judgment of perception space does indeed have a beginning. But as regards human understanding space is necessarily infinite. The conflict arises from metaphysics failing to screw the noumenal (thing in itself) from the phenomenal (as appears to human understanding).Thus far does metaphysics gain clarity, but not finality. The human mind cannot help oneself ponder on the questions of metaphysics, but it must come to terms with the fact that it is bounded. mankind understanding is meant to make the outer world intelligible, and thus proves inadequate when the focus is redirected to the inner essence of the mind, which is the object that metaphysics must study. But the overriding lesson of metaphysics is that pure reason subsumes all. i must not despair of human reason, for one must know that it originates in pure reason and is overcome by it in the end.Subservience to p ure reason is indeed a moral obligation. Other than clarity in metaphysics, which is not suitable for all, Kant advanced his categorical imperative I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law.5 We cannot help noticing that this is only a rewording of the golden rule of Christianity Do unto others as you would they should do unto you.6 Thus through clarity in metaphysics Kant can be said to have arrived at religious doctrine too.ReferencesHume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. Eric Steinberg. Boston Hackett produce, 1993.Jeffrey, David L. A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in slope Literature.Grand Rapids, MI Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992.Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Werner S. Pluhar. Ed. Eric Watkins. Boston Hackett Publishing Company, 1999.Kant, Immanuel. tooshie of the Metaphysics of Morals. Ed. Mary Gregor. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1998.Kant, Immanuel. Kants Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Whitefish, MT Kessinger Publishing, 2005.1 Immanuel Kant, Kants Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, Whitefish, MT Kessinger Publishing, 2005, p. 92.2 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Ed. Eric Steinberg, Boston Hackett Publishing, 1993, p. 29.3 Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Werner S. Pluhar, Ed. Eric Watkins, Boston Hackett Publishing Company, 1999, p. 1. 4 Hume, Enquiry, p. 49. 5 Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Ed. Mary Gregor, Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 16. 6 David L. Jeffrey, A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature,Grand Rapids, MI Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992, p. 314.

What is the main purpose of prison

What is the master(prenominal) conception of prison BY assists What is the main intent of prisons? Although the human cabaret is marching on all the time, a variety of crimes such as cheat, steal and even more monstrous kidnapping, rape and murder keep happening around us unavoidably. In order to maintain the stability of our countries and punish those people who commit crimes, prisons appear. That is the simplest modestness for prison establishing, and in this article I will analyze the purpose of prisons deeply.Generally speaking, despite the punishment fermention, known as retribution, the purpose of prisons can be divided into a nonher 3 categories. Firstly, incapacitation, it can be expressed as isolating the criminals and depriving their freedom by locking them in a inviolate place. Secondly, for people who intend to commit crime but have not broken the laws, prisons are deterrence to some extent. In another word, prisons act as a warning in peoples mind to prevent for thcoming crimes.Finally, replenishment means that the prisons have the responsibility to develop prisoners abilities and integrate them into society by and by releasing. Those activities may include but not limited in launching educational courses, teaching Job skills, informing current news program s well as providing psychotherapy by professional staffs. However, after explaining the functions of prisons thoroughly, there comes a new problem for us, what should be the main purpose of prisons rehabilitation (positive side) or punishment/societal protection (negative side)?In my opinion, it depends on the crime behavior and the intent behind the crime. If it is not a terrible crime such as driving after drinking a bottle of beer, then absolutely yes, this person should be forgiven. And in this case, rehabilitation is the main purpose of prison to get him off of the wrong behavior. and then, if someone commit violate criminals such as murder or rape, the purpose of prison will change to the negative side and almost of ordinary people will agree with locking him and punishing him with no hesitation.In this case, it is not necessary to give him another opportunity and the prisons duty is wholly isolating the prisoner and taking away all the luxury things so that rehabilitation is not that important. In appendix, if someone commits crime due to addition and has psychological problems, then rehabilitation should be put as priority, because punishment is useless for reforming addicts.

Nuclear threat

The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (weapon of mass destruction) has become a metaphor for 21st-century gage concerns. Although thermonuclear weapons have not been used since the end of World warfargon II, their influence on international protection affairs is pervasive, and possession of WMD remains an important divide in international politics at once (Norris 61).The nuclear attitudes of the precedent Cold fight rivals have evolved more late than the fast-breaking political developments of the decade or so that has elapsed since the source Soviet concretion collapsed. Nevertheless, some important changes have already interpreted place. By mutual consent, the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972 was terminated by the unify States and Russia, which have concord to modify their nuclear offensive force stomachure signifi crumbtly through a large reduction in the total of deployed delivery systems.nuclear weapons are no longer at the center of this bila terally symmetrical relationship. Although the two nations are pursuing divergent doctrines for their residual nuclear weapons aim, neither approach poses a threat to the other. The complex body part, but not the detailed content, of the upcoming U.S. nuclear posture was expressed in the 2002 Nuclear Posture review (NPR), which established a significant doctrinal shift from admonishrence to a more complex approach to addressing the conundrum of proliferated WMD.The Russian doctrinal reading to the post-Cold fight security environment is somewhat more opaque. The government appears to be focused on ontogeny and fielding low-yield weapons that are more suited for t put to workical use, though the current building of new missiles and warheads may be associated with new strategic nuclear payloads as well. Despite the diminished postCold War role of nuclear weapons in the United States, the additive deterioration of Russias conventional army force since 1991 has actually made nuclear weapons more central to that governments defense form _or_ system of government.The end of the adversarial relationship with the Soviet Union (and later, the Russian Federation) had to be comportn into account in the NPR. The current nuclear posture is evolving in a manner parallel to the modernization of the U.S. non-nuclear forces establishment. In stark contrast to Cold Warera multitude planning, the 21st century is likely to be characterized by circumstances in which the adversary is not well known far in go of a potential confrontation.The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is adjusting to these new circumstances by developing highly capable and flexible phalanx forces that can alter to the characteristics of adversaries as they appear. This makes the traditional path to modernization through investment in weapons systems as the threat emerges economically infeasible. Modern information technology lets the military change the characteristics of its flexible weapo ns and forces in some(prenominal) less time than it would take to develop whole new weapons systems. Thus, DOD is attempting to create a military information system the integrated effect of command-control-communications-computation-intelligence-surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR). This system is inherently more flexible for adapting to changes in the threat environment.WMD and the means to deliver them are mature technologies, and knowledge of how to create such capabilities is widely distributed. Moreover, the congeneric greet of these capabilities declined sharply toward the end of the 20th century. Today, the poorest nations on earth (such as compass north Korea and Pakistan) have found WMD to be the most attractive melodic phrase available to meet their security needs (Lieggi 2). Proliferation of WMD was stimulated as an unintended consequence of a U.S. failure to invest in technologies such as ballistic missile defense that could have dissuaded nations from investing in such weapons.The United States preoccupation with deterring the Soviet Union incorporated the wrong assumption that success in that arena would deter proliferation elsewhere (Barnaby 7). This defect was compounded by the perverse interaction between defense form _or_ system of government and arms control in the 1990s. Mis lay confidence was lodged in a network of multilateral agreements and practices to prevent proliferation that contributed to obscuring rather than illuminating what was happening. Confidence placed in the inspection provisions of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), for example, obscured efforts to set out knowledge of clandestine WMD programs. NPT signatories were among those nations with clandestine WMD programs.Without a modernization of defense polity, the ready availability of WMD-related technology will converge with their declining relative cost and a fatally flawed arms control structure to stimulate further proliferation in the 21st centur y. The process whereby WMD and ballistic missile technology has proliferated among a group of nations that otherwise share no common interests are likely to become the template for 21st-century proliferation.The oscilloscope of this problem was recognized in part as a result of a comprehensive review of intelligence data in 19971998 by the kick to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States (the Rumsfeld Commission). This recognition fleetly evolved into a set of significant policy initiatives that responded to changes in the international security environment. The arms control arrangements most closely identified with the adversarial relationship with the former Soviet Union were pass. In 1999 the Senate refused to ratify the Comprehensive visitation Ban Treaty the United States and Russia ended the 1972 ABM Treaty and agreed to jettison the START process, which kept nuclear deployments at Cold War levels in favor of much(prenominal) deeper reductions in offensiv e forces in 2002.U.S. policy began to evolve in response to these developments. The incompatibility between the Cold War legacy nuclear posture and the 21st-century security environment stimulated a search for approaches to modernize policies pertinent to nuclear weapons. In response to statutory direction, the Bush administration published the Quadrennial Defense Review, the Nuclear Posture Review, the case Defense Strategy of the United States, and the National Strategy to Combat Weapons of draw Destruction. Taken together, these documents constitute the most profound change in U.S. policy related to nuclear weapons since the Eisenhower administration (Krepon1).The unique capabilities of nuclear weapons may distillery be required in some circumstances, but the range of alternatives to them is much greater today. The evolution of technology has created an opportunity to move from a policy that deters through the threat of massive retaliation to one that can reasonably aspire to the more demanding aimto dissuade. If adversary WMD systems can be held at risk through a combination of precision non-nuclear motivate and active defense, nuclear weapons are less necessary (Albright 2). By developing a military capability that holds a proliferators entire WMD posture at risk rather than relying solely on the ability to deter the threat or use of WMD after they have been developed, produced, and deployed, the prospects for diminution the role of WMD in international politics are much improved.The 21st-century proliferation problem creates a set of targets significantly different from those that existed during the Cold War. a couple of(prenominal) targets can be held at risk only by nuclear weapons, but the ones that are appropriate may require different characteristics and, in many circumstances, different designs than those currently in the nuclear stockpile. The nature of the targets and the scope of the potential threat also alter the character of the underl ying scientific, engineering, and industrial infrastructure that supports the nuclear weapons posture. This investigate paper will therefore desire to discuss the problem of nuclear devices or WMDs (as they are presently termed) and try on to address to current policy issues skirt the matter.RESEARCH OUTLINEINTRODUCTIONa.) what is the problem surrounding nuclear threats in the 21st centuryb.) what are the recent developments surrounding this issuec.) what solutions have been successful in addressing these problemBODYa.) who are nuclear threatsb.) what has been done to stopc.) What can be done?d.) What can the US do? What can the UN do?CONCLUSIONReferencesRobert Norris and Hans Kristensen, Chinese Nuclear Forces, 2006, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 62. no. 3 (2006) 61.Stephanie Lieggi, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Going Beyond the Stir the strategic realities of Chinas No First Use policy, Nuclear Threat Initiative, http//www.nti.org/analysis/articles/realities -chinas-no-first-use-policy/ (accessed June 30, 2006).Frank Barnaby and Shaun Barnie, Thinking the unthinkable Japanese nuclear power and proliferation in East Asia (Oxford, UK Oxford Research gathering and Citizens Nuclear Information Center, 2005) 78.George Perkovich, Indias Nuclear Bomb The shock absorber on Global Proliferation, (Berkeley University of California Press, 1999.)Michael Krepon, Rodney W. Jones & Ziad Haider eds., Escalation Control & the Nuclear Option in South Asia, The Henry L. Stimson Center, family line 2004, https//www.stimson.org/?id=191, (May 2005).Text of Export Controls on Goods, Technologies, Material, and Equipment Related to Nuclear and Biological Weapons and their Delivery Systems Act, 2004, Published in Gazette of Pakistan, 27 September 2004, Cited at, http//www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/ Infcircs/2004/infcirc636.pdf, (May 2005).Michael Krepon and Chris Gagne eds., The Stability-Instability Paradox Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Brinksmanship in South Asia, The Henry L. Stimson Center, June 2001, https//www.stimson.org/research?ID=1, (May 2005).Feroz Hassan Khan, The Independence-Dependence Paradox Stability Dilemmas in South Asia, Arms Control Association, October 2003, https//www.armscontrol.org/act/2003_10/Khan_10, (May 2005).Ashley J. Tellis, Indias Emerging Nuclear Posture Between Recessed hinderance and Ready Arsenal, (Santa Monica Rand, 2001.)

Dramatic devices Essay

discriminate and contrast the characters of Inspector Goole and Mr Birling in Act One. How does J.B Priestly complaisant function dramatic devices to help shape an audiences response to views presented in this play.J.B Priestlys play was set in 1912 besides written in 1945. The professorship at the time was called Herbert Asquith. The Titanic was built and nicknamed, The Unsinkable. It crashed on its revealgrowth commercial journey on an iceberg and sunk, more than a snow were unfound. It was just before World War 1 broke out a stumblest Germany.In 1945, World fight 2 had just ended. Thousands upon thousands had perished in the warfare and the country was grieving its vast loses, still pondering the horrific function upon which they had been left in. The country was brought together in sadness and grieving.Britain in 1912 was a nation divided by class. Poverty was no longer the shift of the poor but the fault of decree Britain had created. While the poor suffered, the ric h people and middle class enjoyed a lifestyle which scour people directly would envy. Poverty ravished the country. This was make to a great extent worse by World war 1 and 2.Priestly, through this play was trying to rise the appalling fault of society. The extremes and ignorance of the Capitalist views and that unless it stopped this kind of poverty and war would continue happening. He was trying to convey to the audience his societalistic views. By undertaking this, he could outline all the negative points of Capitalist ideas and at the same time highlight all the good points about the Socialist ideas, effectively demonstrating the potential of Socialist views and subconsciously allowing people to think in two ways about Capitalism.The Inspectors name, Goole, is a dramatic device used in set out to express to the audience that there is a kind of mysterious constitution about him. The Goole name relating to such as a ghost as it sounds a lot like ghoul. This is truly iron ic, as he seems to act this very well. Goole is similarly a seaport town, this can be linked with the referral to fish for information. He is fishing for information from the Birling family. He is much like Eva Smith, just an otherwise face in the crowd, common.This think with the name Smith it is a very common name. Eve was the very first women in the Bible and is represented in that way as being very innocent and is an innocent victim in this matter. She is representing society and all the oppressed victims. This associates with the continuous repetition of A lot of these recent women by the Inspector which further hints to what or who Eva Smith represents. He also seems to be omniscient about the matter of Eva Smith. Almost intimidating at times. None of the Birling family is sure how much he already knows, but all the same he still drags the truth from them.The Inspector is not a big man and need not be a big man as he creates at once the judgment of massiveness, solidity a nd purposefulness. He is in his fifties and dressed in a plain darkish suit of the period. Priestly introduces him as a superior person. A person who is going to make an impact even before he has spoken based purely on his display. Because of the Inspectors appearance it gives a que for everyone including the audience to take him seriously. His appearance alone demands respect. He comes across as being very professional, organised and thus good at his job. He is talked about by Sheila as if you cannot trick him. He leave find out what he does not already know. The Inspector is the gun in the play. He speeds up all the confessions of the characters in the play by the belief of the other characters that he already knows everything and he tries to make them heighten in order to help society.On the other hand, Arthur Birling is aHeavy looking very portentous man in his middles fifties with fairly easy readiness but rather provincial in his speech.The spotlight is immediately taken off Mr Birling when the Inspector walks in and this discomforts him. The Inspector looks somewhat superior to Mr Birling. Mr Birling hates this as he demands social status because of how rich he is. He tries very hard to gain social superiority but lacks refinement. Tell the cook for me It is bad manners to comment on the food at your own house, Mrs Birling says to him Arthur you must not say such things. As you can see by this, Mrs Birling is Mr Birlings social superior. This is ironic as he is trying to depict himself as a person of high social status but it has already been seen by his actions and what he says that he is not of high social status, he lacks the correct mannerisms. The effect of this is that he is made to look dim-witted and the audience would not look to him as being a superior man to the quizzer but the same underneath.The inspector speaks like a judge or prophet. He continually makes comments about the actions of the characters in the play. The Inspector seem s to care a lot about other people. He commits everyone should act as a community and all grant responsibility for their actions against anyone. This is in deep contrast to the morals of Mr Birling. Mr Birling thinks that he has no responsibility over his employees. If he fires them then it is their responsibility what they do. He is very right wing in his thinking and does not believe that everyone is equal.

Achievements of William Wilberforce Essay

William Wilberforces greatest and most fundamental political achievement was his persistent only successful fight to end Britains involvement in the slave trade. He used his position as a congressman for the abolishment movement and was the first share or parliament to create the issue in the House of Commons. His abolition bill was in the long run passed by parliament in 1807, but his battle to change the law was non an easy one. Wilberforce tried and failed some(prenominal) times before the bill was finally passed.William achieved the abolishment of the slave trade, with the passing of the bill, in 1807. He remained concerned virtually the many people still held in slavery and carried on his tally until the bill outlawing slavery in Britain and all its colonies was passed in 1833 just eld before he died.Wilberforce also devoted himself to other causes and campaigns such as the limiting of the hours children should work. Like Elizabeth Fry, he also fought for improveme nts in Englands prisons. He appealed for amendments to the poor law (to improve the conditions for the poor) and in 1796 became a founding member of the society for the bettering condition and increasing comforts of the poor. This organisation worked to mend parish relief and workhouses for the poor and improves their general living conditionsIn October 1784, Wilberforce went on a magical spell of Europe which changed his life and his future career.He travelled with his mother and sister in the company of Isaac Milner. They visited the French Riviera and enjoyed the usual pastimes of dinners, cards, and gambling. In February 1785, Wilberforce returned to England temporarily, to support William Pitts proposals for parliamentary reforms. He rejoined the party in Genoa, Italy, from where they continued their tour to Switzerland. Milner come with Wilberforce to England, and on the journey they read The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul by Philip Doddridge.The abolitionist Th omas Clarkson had an enormous influence on Wilberforce. He and others were campaigning for an end to the trade in which British ships were carrying pitch-black slaves from Africa, in terrible conditions, to the West Indies as goods to be bought and sold. Wilberforce was persuaded to lobby for the abolition of the slave trade and for 18 years he regularlyintroduced anti-slavery motions in parliament. The campaign was supported by many members of the Clapham Sect and other abolitionists who elevated public awareness of their cause with pamphlets, books, rallies and petitions.Williams best and most important political achievement was to abolish the slave trade in the British Empire. His abolition bill was finally passed by parliament in 1807, but his battle to change the law was not an easy one. Wilberforce tried and failed several times before the bill was finally passed.http//justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/214.htmlhttp//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/643460/William-Wilberfor cehttp//satucket.com/lectionary/William_Wilberforce.htmhttp//www.mylearning.org/jpage.asp?jpageid=690&journeyid=189

DFA’s investment portfolio Essay

Identify the sources of appreciate DFA is providing its investors DFA creates different entertain to its customers. For Registered Investment Advisor, the cling to was the educative access to top researchers who were developing innovative theories and empirical analyses. For high-net-worth individuals, it is impoverished management fee as the services are provided through RIA. For separate investors, the note value is high performance of portfolio it manages. The sources of values DFA managed to create come from mean relationship with prominent academics, who also have stake in DFA. The academic research has played crucial role in the performance of DFAs investment portfolio and brought substantial return to its customers over a coarse geological period of time. Reputation of the DFA in beautiful cap grocery help the secure reduce transaction cost, pick and choose the right memory to invest, bestow to positive return for its customers.8. What are some of the transact ion costs associated with small, value mental strains? How does DFA manage these potential trading frictions? Given the fact that small and value stocks have lower liquidity compared to large and growth stock, transaction of small and value stock is more difficult. There are some trading costs associated with them When investment investment firm wants to buy small and value stocks in open market, their toll will go up very quickly. This outgrowth in price will negatively affect the bordering leverage of the same stock of the investment pedigree. DFA instead of going to the market and put forward for stock, it absorbs the selling demand from the others. By taking a large divulge of stock, it can even obtain a discount on the stock purchase. Once the investment fund owns an amount of a certain stock, the in store(predicate) sales of stock to the market may pose some crush on the price of stock. DFA when buying stock from vender would try to coiffure sure that it take the whole position of the seller so that it avoids the scenario when the seller sells the other part to the market and the price of stock goes down immediately after DFA buys it. Same applied when the fund tries to sell its stock. If investment fund sells a large block of stock, the price of stock will be pushed down.To avoid this transaction cost DFA normally offers small amounts of stock to the market each day. It takes more time to sell out but the price of stock will be advanceed. 12. Likewise, throughout the 1990s, growth stocks outperformed value stocks. Hence, should DFA view its current strategy? What if growth continues to outperform value over the next five years. Would your answer change?Again, how would you explain the poor performance of the fund to your clients? Although the growth stock outperformed value stocks in 1990s thanks to the high tech boom, DFA should not reconsider its current strategy because of the following reasons -Looking at a long period of time (fro m 1926 to 2004), despite some up and down, value stock still outperform growth stock (Tims calculation) -DFAs philosophy of investment has been based upon market high-octane.And according to market efficient theories, the higher return of growth stock given the lower direct of risk compared to value stock will go away as people start to chase growth stock. Switching to growth stock will not help DFA to make sustainable return. Even though the growth stock continues to outperform for the next five years, our answer would not change. The growth stock cannot outperform the value stock for too long because it has lower level of risk. Value stock will soon throttle back in terms of return soon. 14. What future strategies would you recommend DFA take? Make a specific recommendation, and justify it. Should they abandon/modify/maintain their current size and value strategies? Should they explore other interesting anomalies and aggrandise similar strategies?

Congress Study Guide Essay

1.What is the riddle regarding sex act and public opinion? social intercourse is considered by many to be the systems broken branch. It has probably been the object of more plurality public distrust and more elite reform proposals than either the brass or the federal judiciary combined. This is true although well-nigh incumbent members usu everyy win re- pick and congress has consistently expanded programs and adopted policies that most citizens favor. 2. How does the mass describe partisan polarization in coition? What is the explanation for wherefore Congress today seems more polarized than it die up until the 1970s? The admit describes partisan polarization as a vote in which a absolute majority of voting democrats oppose a majority of voting republicans. Congress today seems more polarized than it was up until the 1970s beca aim of social set offs such as abortion. Democrats gos to be more liberal and republicans more conservative. 3. tote up the differences between Congress and a parliament and how these fundamental differences influence the character of the U.S. Congress.What were the main issues in the education of the Senate and how were these issues settled? Make sure that you understand what these terms tint to filibuster, cloture, normal 22.A person be go ups a candidate for representative or senator in the U.S. Congress by feed inning in a primary feather election. Except in a few places, political parties exercise fiddling control over the choice over who is nominated to run for congressional office. Voters select candidates in the primaries beca wasting disease of their personalities, positions on issues, or overall reputation. Parliament tends to be make up of people loyal to the national company issues. A congress tends to be make up of people who think of themselves as independent representatives of their districts who expect to vote as to their own constituents. Filibuster The use of the Senates tradition of unlimited debat e as a delaying simulated military operation to block a chronicle. Cloture shuts of the discussion on a notice.Rule 22 debate may be closed of on a bill if 16 senators sign a petition requesting it and if, after two years give way elapsed, three-fifths of the entire membership vote for cloture. 4)Why is Congress a decentralised institution and why is Congress inevitably unpopular with voters. Members of Congress be more concerned with their own constituents and c beers than with the interests of any organized party or program ofaction. Congress doesnt choose the president, they know that worrying closely the voters they represent is much more of the essence(p) than worrying close to whether the president succeed with his programs. Congress must worry about how voters feel, its fateful that on controversial issues that Congress will engage in sempiternal arguments, worry about interest groups, and work out compromise decisions.5) analyse through the six phases of the Hou se of Representatives so that you atomic number 18 clear about the rules changes and the balance of force between the loudspeaker system and committal chairmen. Briefly restart phases five-six. (It is not important for you to learn the evoke of individual Speakers except for newt Gingrich unless you motive to be a history major or screen bowl whiz.) frame 1- the originatorful house 1789-1820-under Washingtons judicatory the house was more powerful than the Senate, but still answered to Washingtons cabinet. pattern 2-The Divided House- 1820-1890- Jackson asserted his power over the house. sectional tensions leading up to the civil war the House was again change integrity between Radical Republicans and Moderates and different opinions on Reconstruction. Phase 3- The Speaker rules- 1890-1910 GOP doubting Thomas Reed, Speaker of the House obtained the power to name chairpersons. He decides what business would come up for vote. Phase 4- The House Revolts- 1910-1911 Canno n replaces Reed as the Speaker but the House revolts against him. The Speaker can no longer name committee chairpersons or serve on the rules committee. The powers were given to Party Caucus. Phase 5 -The Members Rule- 1911-1965-Democrats take control of the House. Chairpersons kept civil rights from happening. Eventually, the committee rebelled. Phase 6 -The Leadership Returns- 1965-Present. Newt Gingrich takes power back from the House and gives it to himself as a speaker. Although voted on by Party Caucus, he dominated choices of the committee chairperson.6) How has the history and structure of the Senate meant that it would be different from the House of Representatives? The Framers chose to create a bicameral legislaturewith a House of Representatives, to be elected instanter by the people, and a Senate, consisting of two members from apiece state, to be chosen by the legislatures of each state. Though all legislative powers were to be vested in Congress, those powers would b e sh atomic number 18d with the president, limited to powers explicitly conferred on the federal government, and subject to the power of the dictatorial Court to declare acts of Congressunconstitutional. 7) What were the main issues in the development of the Senate and how were these issues settled? Make sure that you understand what these terms refer to filibuster, cloture, Rule 22. The larger more populous states wanted a senate ground on population. Of course the smaller states objected because they would earn been severely outnumbered. So both sides compromised and made the House of Representatives (by population) and the Senate (everyone has 2 representatives) together these two bodies make up. Ben Franklin came up with the fascinate for Senate as a means of satisfying the small states.Filibuster The use of the Senates tradition of unlimited debate as a delaying evasive action to block a bill. Cloture shuts of the discussion on a bill.Rule 22 debate may be closed of on a b ill if 16 senators sign a petition requesting it and if, after two old age have elapsed, 3/5 of the entire membership vote for cloture. 8)Summarize the points that Edmund murder made in his speech to the Bristol Electors about the responsibilities of a representative to his constituents. He basically said that a representative should have good judiciousness and should be sacrificial to his constituents. He should likewise respect the opinions of his constituents and to always listen to the peoples problems. 9) Briefly summarize the trends in the sex and step on it of members of Congress. The House has become less male and less white since the 1950s. The Senate has been lazy to change. In addition, Republican control of both houses prior to the midterm election of 2006 had reduced minority influence. However, the recent cant of control of both chamber to the Democrats resulted in African Americans and Hispanics becoming chairpersons of several important committees.10) Why have more congressional districts become safer for incumbent reelection? Incumbents, with support and privileges of their status (such as franking privileges) have developed ways to make themselves popular by utilise the mass media, making personal appearances with constituents, and sending newsletters, etc. These efforts have made more and more congressional districts become safer for incumbent re-election. 11) What are the achievable explanations for why the Democrats dominated Congress from 1933-1994? Democrats tend to dominate Congress. This is mostly because Democrats tend to do better in low-turnout districts, while the Republicans do well in high-turnout districts. The advantages of incumbency became more pronounced during a time when Democrats controlled the Congress. Democrats generallyhave more experienced congressional candidates, have more closely reflected district-level voters rights polity preferences, and have been able to fashion winning,district-level coalitions fro m among national Democratic constituencies. Democrats were the majority party in Congress when this happened.The anti-incumbent mood, coupled with the effects of redistricting after the 1990 census and the shift of the South to the Republican party, brought the Republicans into power in the House and Senate in the 1994 elections. In the past the Democratic party was more deeply divided than the Republicans, because of the heading in Congress of conservative Democrats from the South. Often these southern Democrats would vote with Republicans, thereby forming a conservative coalition 12)Why has Congress become more ideologically partisan since the 1980s? It has become more polarized than voters in terms of political beliefs. One result of this polarization is that members of Congress, especially those in the House, do not get along as well as they once did with members who differ with them, and they are more likely to challenge one an different 13) Summarize the three theories of how members of Congress behave. There are three theories about how members of Congress behave representational, organizational, and attitudinal. The representational explanation is based on the assumption that members want to be reelected, and therefore they vote to please constituents.The organizational explanation is based on the assumption that since constituents do not know how their legislator has voted, it is not important to please them. But it is important to please fellow members of Congress, whose goodwill is semiprecious in getting things done and in acquiring status and power in Congress. The attitudinal explanation is based on the assumption that there are so many conflicting pressures on members of Congress that they cancel each other out, leaving them virtually free to vote on the solid ground of their own beliefs. 14.Define malapportionment and gerrymandering. From the online article on Gerrymandering 101, summarize what Minority Gerrymandering and packing are. Malapp ortionment- muster the boundaries of political districts so that districts are very unequal in population. Gerrymandering- swig the boundaries of political districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to make it gentle for candidates of the party in power to win elections in those districts Packing is to centre as many voters of one type into a single electoral district to reduce theirinfluence in other districts. 15.What is the sophomore good deal? Why does it happen? What effects does it have? Sophomore surge is where the most newly elected members become strong in their districts very quickly. The intellect for this surge is that members of Congress have figured out how to use their offices to run personal rather than party campaigns.They make use of their free privileges. They also cater to their constituents distrust of federal govt by promising to clean things upif reelected. If re-elected, they run for congress by running against it. 16.Summarize the issues involved and the resolution in Baker v. Carr and Wesberry v. Sanders Both Wesberry and Reynoldsdecisions were predicated on the catchment basin ruling in Baker v. Carr,369 US 186 (1962), in which the US Supreme Court decided reapportionment of state legislative districts was not a political question that should be resolved through legislation. The Court rear legislative conflicts of interest raised justiciable issues that could be addressed and resolved by the Federal courts. 17)What are the principal jobs and responsibilities in the party leadership in the Senate? The majority party chooses one of its members usually the person with the greatest longevity to be president of the Senate. It is largely an honorific position, required by the reputation so that the Senate will have a presiding officer in the absence of the vice president of the United States.The real leadership is the hands of the majority leader (chosen by the senators of the majority party) and the minority leader (chosen by the senators of the other party). The senators of each party also elect a whip. The principal confinement of the majority leader is to muniment the business of the Senate. He has the right to be accepted first in any floor debate. The whip is a senator who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members are thinking, rounds up members when important votes are to be taken, and attempts to keep a wreathe count on how the voting on a controversial issue is likely to go. Each party also chooses a Policy direction composed of a dozen senators who help the party leader schedule Senate business, choosing what bills are to be given attention and in what order. From the point of view of individual senators, the key party organization is the group that assigns senators to the standing committees of the Senate.These assignments are very important to newly elected senator. 18) What are the formal and open powers of the Speaker of theHouse? The Speaker is the most important perso n in the House. He is elected by whichever party has the majority, and he presides over all House meetings. He is the principal leader of the majority party as well as the presiding officer of the entire House. The Speaker decides who shall be recognized to speak on the floor of the House he rules whether a campaign is relevant and he decides the committees to which new bills shall be assigned. He influences what bills are brought up for a vote and appoints the members of special and select committees.

Argumentative Reflection War Essay

Nobody likes contend it is so costly in so many ways. Lives are lost, lieu is destroyed, multitude are injured and some are disabled mentally and physically. Beca riding habit of this many battalion think war must be avoided at all costs. All these facts regarding the high cost of war on a estate are true. On the some other hand there are situations in which a nation has an obligation to go to war. Their were many clock in the unite States history when the decision to enter a war was in question. World War II was a time when populate were arguing about whether or non the coupled States should enter a war against Germany, Japan and their allies. When this war started WWI was still fresh in peoples memories. The citizens k bran-new how bad war could be. Many people felt that these new problems were not the coupled States problems and war should be avoided. Author Jon Bridgman tells us in an article in the Seattle view- Intelligencer The nation was deeply and bitterly div ided on the question of our participation in the war.American isolationists felt that the war in Europe and Asia was not our problem and that we should stay out of it. Of course other people knew that war was going to come, because Germany and Japan were proving they wanted to take all over the world. The pipeline was settled by Japan. There sneak attack on Pearl Harbor solved the argument. They forced us into the war. The attack they do in Pearl Harbor was a direct attack on the coupled States military and a direct attack on United States land. Now US citizens knew it was all out war for the countries survival. On kinfolk 11, 2001 the US was again attacked. This time it wasnt by another country unless by terrorists. It was similar to the Pearl Harbor attack because Americans were impress and thousands of people lost their lives. The big difference was that the attack was not make by a country but by terrorists from many antithetical countries.The citizens of the United Sta tes pretty much agreed that this was an evil act and that the terrorists necessitate to be stopped so that they could not attack again. The problem was that it was not a country that attacked but a terrorist group hiding and extend out across several countries. Who could the United States blame and hold trusty for the attacks? chair George Bush immediately blamed Afghanistan and later Iraq for letting terrorists use their countries to train and operate. He felt these countries should be attacked so terrorists could be stopped. The President sent our troops to Afghanistan and the troops were successful in that area and whence President Bush decided the US needed to invade Iraq. This is when the argument about going to war in another country was the United States concern. A lot of people had heard that, Saddam Hussein, the leader of Iraq was a supporter of terrorists and also a threat to the world. The argument about struggle Iraq was big. If you look back to 2003 when people we re arguing this you can see that their was ample people who wanted to go to war.Nicholas Lemann wrote in an article in the refreshful Yorker magazine that Everyone agrees that Saddam Hussein is truly evil, everyone agrees he has weapons of vision terminal. On the other side of the argument many countries and people disagreed with assail Iraq. Many inspections done by the United Nations could not find weapons of mass destruction. President Bush in conclusion convinced the United States Congress that Iraq was heartbreaking and the US army attacked Iraq. It turned out after a tough-minded fight, the United States military could not find any weapons of mass destruction. A cogitation in the Washington Post said The new report from the Iraq Survey Group has confirmed beyond any reasonable question what most people have assumed for the past year At the time of the 2003 U.S. invasion, Iraq did not possess weapons of mass destruction, and most of its programs to produce them were do rmant.The United States was wrongfulness about the weapons. Even though the pro- war people were wrong about the weapons of mass destruction they felt that they were stopping a solemn dictator who could have been a big threat in the future. At least the army fought terrorists because as the war dragged on the United States did eventually find itself fighting terrorists because many terrorists came to Iraq to face the United States army. Lionel Beehner reported in the Backgrounder magazine that Large-scale suicide attacks in Iraq are up in recent months, demonstrating that al-Qaeda in Iraq and its homegrown affiliates remain a besotted force. In both of these cases the United States went to war to provide safety for United States citizens. In both these cases the United States was attacked. In both these case people debated and argued about going to war .Yes many people were killed and injured but these examples show that there is definitely situations when a country is obligated to go to war.Works CitedJohn Bridgman Lessons learned from two days of infamy Seattle Post -Intelligencer Sunday December 2, 2001Nicholas Lemann How It Came To War The New Yorker March 31, 2003 Editorial Weapons That Werent There The Washington Post October 7,2004 Lionel Beehner Al-Qaeda in Iraq Resurging or chip? Backgrounder

Indian Financial System

pecuniary focal point ASSIGNMENT ON Indian FINANCIAL SYSTEM & SOURCES OF large TERM AND SHORT TERM FINANCES SUBMITTED BY, PREMJITH. A P10144 PGDM 2010-12 INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM The financial system in india refers to the system of borrowing and change of bullion or the demand for and the confer of funds of in all individuals, institutions, companies and of the politics.Commonly the Indian financial system is classified ad into * Industrial finance funds compulsory for the conduct of industry and trade * Agricultural finance funds infallible and supplied for the conduct of agriculture and allied activity * Development finance funds needed for development actually it admits both industrial finance and hoidenish finance * giving medication finance relates to the demand for a nd supply of funds to meet government activity expenditure The mobilization of savings and the stiff distribution of the savings among all those who demand the funds for enthronisation purposes. The banking system, the policy companies, mutual funds, sit downment funds and former(a) institutions which promote savings among the public, get in their savings and transfer them to the actual investors * The investor in the country composed of individuals investors, industrial investors, industrial and trading companies and the government, these enters in the financial system as borrowers. FUNCTIONS OF INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM The Indian financial system performs a essential role in economic development of india through with(predicate) saving investment process excessively known as capital formation. Sometimes it is as well bids financial foodstuff.The purpose of financial trade is to mobile savings efficiently and allocates the same efficiency among the ultimate users of funds, ie investors * Increase in savings, that is resources that be would hurt been normally use for consumption purposes should be released for other purposes. * mobilisation of savings domestic savings collected by banking and financial institutions and place at disposal of actual investors and * Investment proper, which is the production of capital goods. stem OF THE INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM The Indian notes securities industry is the trade in which short name funds atomic fare 18 borrowed and lent.The capital merc dealise in india on the other hand, is the market for medium- term and long term funds. Reserve bank of india Organized orbit Sub Market unorganized sector Public sector banks Private sector banks NBFC IDFC, GIC, LIC Call bills T- Bills documentation for Deposit Commercial Papers SHORT TERM AND recollective TERM FUNDS SHARES personas comes in the Long term funds. A dower is a unit of capital of the accomp any. It has a definite deliver apprise. It represents self-possession rights of their holders. Buyers of make outs are adverted stockholder and they are effective owners of the firm whose shares they hold.Each shareholder invest their notes in the shares of a company in exception of a return on their investment capital. The return of shareholder consists of dividend and capital gain. Share holder make capital gain or (loss) by sell their share. Each share carries a distinct number. Shares are transferable units. Shareholders are of two type ORDINARY and resource shareholders. Preference share These shares crap preference over the ordinary shares in terms of honorarium of dividend and repayment of capital if company is wound up. They may be issued with or without a maturity period.REDEEMABLE PREFERENCE SHARE are shares with maturity and IRREDEEMABLE PREFERENCE SHARES without any maturity. The holder of preference shares get dividend at a frigid aim. With regards to dividend, preference shares may be issued with or without cumulative features. In the fact of cumulative PREFERENCE SHARES unpaid dividends accumulate and are payable in the future. Dividends in arrears do not accumulate in the character of NON CUMULATIVE PREFERENCE SHARES. Features of Preference share Claim on income and assets preference share is a senior security as com comparabilityed to ordinary share.It has a preli minuteary advance on the companys income in the sense that the company must first pay preference share dividend before compensable(a) the ordinary dividend. Fixed dividend The dividend assess are fixed in the case of preferences share, and preference dividend are not tax deductable. Cumulative dividend that all agone unpaid dividend be paid before the ordinary dividends are paid. run-of-the-mine Shares represents the ownership position in a company. The holders of ordinary shares called shareholders are the legal owners of the company. popular shares are the sources of permanent capital since they do not have a maturity picture.However, the ordinay shareholders are entitled to receive dividends. The amount or rate of dividends are not fixed. An ordinary share is called variable income security. m acrocosm the owner the company, shareholders bear the risk of ownership they are entitled to dividends later on the income claims of others have been satisfied. Similarly, when the company is wound up, they stand exercise their claim on assets later the claims of other suppliers of capital have been met. Features of Ordinary shares Claims on income Ordinary shareholders have a residual ownership claim.They have a claim to the residual income, which is earnings available for ordinary shareholder after paying expenses, interest charges, taxes and preference dividend. Claim on asset Ordinary shareholder have residual claim on company asset in case of liquidation. Voting rights Ordinary shareholder are required to voter turnout on a number of important matters. The most signifi stoolt proposals include election of directors and change in memorandum of association. RIGHTS ISSUE When company distributes all earnings to shareholders, then, it can reacquire new capital from the same sou rces by outcome new shares called rights shares.BONDS A connect is a long term debt shaft or security. binds issued by the government do not have any risk of defaults. The private sector companies alike issue bonds, which are called debenture bonds. A company can issue secured and unsecured debenture. In case of bonds and debentures, the rate of interest is generally fixed and known to investors. Features of Bonds * Face nourish is the par value. A bond is generally issued at a par value of Rs100 or Rs1000, and interest in paid on face value. * Interest rate is fixed and known to bondholders.Interest paid on a bond is tax deductable. Interest rate is called coupon rate. * Maturity bond is generally issued for a condition period of time. It is repaid on maturity. * Redemption value The value that a bondholder will get on maturity is called redemption or maturity value. A bond may be ransomed at par or at premium or at discount. * Market value A bond may be traded in a stock e xchange. The worth at which it is currently sold or bought is called the market value of the bond. Market value may be unlike from par value or redemption value.Bonds may be classified into three (1) Bond with maturity (2) utter(a) discount bonds (3) Perpetual bonds Bond with maturity The companies issue bonds that specify the interest rate and the maturity period. Pure discount bonds These bonds do not carry an explicit rate of interest. It provides for the payment lump sum amount at a future date in exchange for the current price of bond. Perpetual bonds These bonds are also consols, has an indefinite life and therefore, it has no maturity value. Types of Debentures * Convertible debenture (CD) * Non cashable debenture (NCD) * Fully convertible debenture (FCD) * Partly convertible debenture (PCD)WARRANTS A warrant entitles the leveragingr to buy a fixed number of ordinary shares at a particular price during a specified time period. Warrants are generally issued along with debe ntures as sweeteners. Warrants are employ in conjunction with ordinary or preference shares. Characteristics of Warrants Exercise price of a warrant is the price at which its holder can purchase the issuing firms ordinary shares. Exercise ratio states the number of ordinary shares that can be purchased at the exercise per warrants. Expiration date is the date when the selection to buy ordinary shares in exchange of warrants expires.Detachability the warrant can all be a detachable or non detachable. Detachable warrants Warrant can be sold separately from debentures to which it is originally attached Non detachable warrants cannot be sold separately from the debenture to which it was originally attached. Some of the other methods used for raising long term capitals, * CUMULATIVE CONVERTIBLE PREFERNCE SHARE * derivative actor SECURITIES * BORROWING FROM FINANCIAL INSTITUTION (BANKS) SHORT TERM FUNDS It is the market for near specie, or it is the market for lending and borrowing of short funds.It is the market for lending and borrowing short term surplus investible funds of banks and other financial institution are demanded by borrowers comprising individual companies and the government. The composition of Indian money market consist of Call money market i important submarket of the Indian money market is the Call money market, which is the market for very short term funds. This market is also known as money at call and short notice. This market has two segments (a) the call market or overnight market and (b) short notice market. The rate at which unds are borrowed and lent in this market is called the call money market. Call money rates are market determined by demand and supply of short term funds. The public sector banks tarradiddle for about 80% for the demand and foreign banks and Indian private sector banks account for the balance of 20% of borrowings. NBFCs like IDBI, GIC, LIC are call money market lenders. Bill market in India The bill market ir t he discount market is the most important part of the money market where short bills normally up to 90days are bought and sold. The bill market is further subdivided into commercialized bill market and treasury bill market.The 91 day treasury bills are the most common ways the government of india raises funds for the short period. Government has also introduced the 182 day T-Bills and 364 day T-bills, In 1997 government introduced 14 day T-Bill. Dated government securities The government of india has also decided to sell dated securities on an auction basis. The purpose of this government decision is * To develop dated securities as a monetary instrument with flexible yields * To provide financial instrument to suit investors expectation, and * To meet Government needs directly from the market.Repo and reverse repos Repos are now a systematic feature of RBIs market operations, If the banking system experience liquidness shortage, then RBI comes to assist banking system by repurcha sing government securities. When the government securities are repurchased from the market, payment is made by RBI to commercial banks and this adds to their liquid and enables them to expand their credit to industry and trade. Reverse repo is to sell dated securities through auction at fixed cut off rate of interest.The mark is to provide short term avenue to banks to park their surplus funds. Certificate of Deposits (CD) The CDs are another important money market instrument. They were issued by banks in multiples of Rs25 lakhs to expand the investor base of CDs, the min value was reduced and is presently Rs 1 lakhs. The maturity is between 3 months and one year. CD s are freely transferable after 45 days after the date of issue. CDs became direct popular with banks for raising resources at competitive rates of interest.Commercial papers (CP) The commercial papers are issued by companies with networth of Rs 10 crores, later reduced to Rs 5 crores. The CP is issued multiples of R s. 25 lakhs subject to minimum issue of Rs 1 crore. The maturity of Cp is between 3 to 6 months. The purpose of introducing CP is to enable high level incorporated borrowers to diversify their source of short term borrowings on the one hand and provide an additional instrument to the banks and financial instrument in the money market.Reference Financial Management by I M Pandey