LATIN AMERICA :: essays research papers

LATIN AMERICAWhen someone talks about(predicate) Latin the States the first thing that usually comes to head is a beautiful place that is mostly occupied by poor peasant farmers who dont know much about anything. Maybe the only thing that comes to mind is that its just a nice place to go for vacation, but that is because Latin America is probably unfamiliar to us Ameri corporations or we just think were to good for them. Whatever the reason being for not knowing much about Latin America is just about to change as well as the expressive style you view Latin America.Latin America is rather full-grown and kind of difficult to pin point since it starts from Mexicos border with the United States of America all the way to a small island called Tierra del Fuego, but I can tell you that its south of the United States. Latin America also includes all of the Caribbean islands where almost all the countries argon suffering of hunger and bad leadership. brazil and Argentina are two of Latin Americas strongest countries because they make up most of the common market where other nations come to trade, procure goods and buy cash crops. There is a lot of fertile land and plantations in Latin America that produce goods such as sugarcanes and tropical fruits. There are places like mountain ranges where people do live, but eventually have to leave because of the conditions so most of those people end up living in the cities and have to find work which is very hard and leads to poverty in the cities. The cities are one of the weirdest places in Latin America simply because of the people and way of life. In the city you can see Lexus parked right next to a donkey and see a millionaire right next to a muliebrity walking barefoot carrying her child and a bucket on her head. These are everyday life occurrences that give you a clue on how things are in Latin America.Human Life is actually put second in Latin America to working and because of this there is lack of educational and future opportunities. That is a reason for so many emigrants in the U.S people see that there is no hope for their children so they save up money and come on boats that will free them from their depression.Latin America is a dominant Roman Catholic region though Protestants are on the rise.

A Working Party :: essays research papers

This poem is about a normal, average man who came to the trenches only 3 hours before, and then is killed as he is doing his job of piling sandbags along the parapet.Throughout this poem, Sassoon appeals to the emotions of the contributor by trying to create an emotional attachment between the subscriber and the young man. He explains that "He was a young man, with a meagre wifeAnd both small children in a Midland townHe showed their photographs to all his mates,And they considered him a decent chapWho did his work and hadnt much to say,And always laughed at other peoples jokesBecause he hadnt any of his own."Sassoon deliberately describes the man clearly and significant detail, which makes the reader realise that this man was just a normal man, probably not un exchangeable the reader, and makes the reader see the pure tragedy when the man dies. "He was just a simple man, who never did anything to hurt anyone" is the response Sassoon wants the reader to have, and feel the injustice of the mans death.Sassoon specifically starts the poem off slowly, describing the men slowly making their way down the trenches, slipping into the mud and squeezing past other soldiers returning from the front line. Then, he ironically rushes the mans death in the last two lines, after the man is thinking how slow time passes. The mans sudden death shocks the reader and shows them how suddenly keep can be taken away."And as he dropped his head the instant splitHis startled life with lead, and all went out."Throughout the poem, Sassoon uses excellent descriptions to involve the reader in the action of the poem, and with the man. He clearly describes the men making their way down the trench towards the front line - "Sliding and poising, groping with his boots", "...splashing wretchedly where the sludge was ankle ample". Language like this almost takes the reader there, and again makes the reader identify with the character. Sassoon also use s the same strong descriptions of the area to make the reader feel like they are in the trenches along with the man - "Sandbags bleached with rain", "... pawed sodden sandbags of chalk", "White faces peered, puffing a point of red", "... the gloom swallowed...". He uses references to colour, texture and sound to give the reader an understanding of what it felt like to be there.

Freedom of Expression- A Service to Citizens Essay -- Censorship

The First Amendment to the United States Constitution says that Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech (Freedom of building). It has been proven through the court system that speech goes far beyond regular verbal communication (Freedom of Expression). If this is be true, then wherefore is there so oft controversy over the freedom of expression? If the right to freedom of expression is taken away, the government provide steadily let more and more powerful until it controls every facet of life. Even though the United States prides itself on being a staunchly democratic nation, it is no soften than a tyrannical government if it steals the right of freedom of expression from its citizens. Most people do not wish to live in a ships company oppressed by an all-powerful government that gives them very little freedom. Holding Orwells society as a model, a government that has too much power will gladly let its citizens endure pain, suffering, and even torture. For society to be productive, people must be allowed to express their ideas and thoughts, if they cannot, then civilization will move backwards instead of frontward. The issue of freedom of expression is not a new problem. In fact, people have been debating it for years, even on the sovereign lawcourt level. One such faux pas is Schenck v. United States, where it was deemed illegal for Schenck to distribute pamphlets urging people to impede the process of the draft (Schenck v. United States). The Supreme Court thought that it was illegal for Schenck to do this, and he was convicted, but on another case dealing with the freedom of expression the court took the opposite side. In the case of Tinker v. Des Moines, a school prohibited students from wearing black armba... ... gotten across. Living an emotionless existence is surely not living at all, and this is why freedom of expression should be a guaranteed right. It is very important for a functional society where people are entit led to their opinion and are fitted to freely offer constructive criticism. When it is taken away, oppression, poverty, and the general degradation of society is seen in abundance. A society in which people are allowed to speak their minds is unceasingly better than an Orwellian one in which people feared thinking thoughts that could be unwelcome to the government. A terrible place if one were not even salutary in their mind. The present world is a place to give full freedom of expression to everyone. Everyone deserves the chance to get their ideas across, and depriving them of that opportunity is borderline inhumane. It is simply debauched to deny this right.

The Congress for New Urbanism and Environmental Awareness Essay

The Congress for New Urbanism and Environmental AwarenessIn the last two decades the New Urbanism movement has begun among planners, designers, and builders. Though it does non provide complete solutions to many of the environmental problems caused by human development, it shows a greater awareness of the undesirable and potentially destructive tendencies exhibited by conventional methods of design, provision and construction. Robert Davis, board chairman of the Congress for the New Urbanism, describes the problem of urban sprawl and development. For vanadium millennia, we have built towns and cities with strong centers and clear edges, beyond which lay farms and forests and lakes and streams. For five decades these clear edges have become increasingly ragged, and the centrifugal forces of sprawl have flung a strange collection of objects across the landscape. The strangest of these objects are large boxes with very vary functions. They are connected to each other by swaths of as phalt and each is surrounded by a small sea of the same material. Their placement copulation to each other and to the smaller boxes we live in is designed and planned for the maximum possible consumption of our time, and of energy in various forms, including human...(http//www.cnu.org/nunjuly98.html).Our monoculture development ruler started as a good idea to separate steel mills and slaughter houses from dwellings. Now we rigidly separate all uses our homes, our workplaces, our childrens schools, the places we assemble. This not plainly ensures the maximum possible consumption of time and energy, it also separates us from each other(http//www.cnu.org/nunjuly98.html). This is a design perspective based on aesthetics rather of enviro... ...d, watertables, or their conditions. Nor was their any specific mention of the use of natural recyclable or sustainable materials in construction. These facts make me aware that there needs to be more collaboration and sharing of knowledge bet ween planners, designers, builders, and ecologists. If ecological concerns are not given consideration in development, ultimately all life forms entrust suffer. If biologists and ecologists do not understand the essential elements of economics and aesthetics in design when communicating their concerns, nothing will be done to correct on-going development trends until human health is severely effected. Works CitedCNU Updatehttp//www.cnu.org/nunjuly98.htmlEnvironmental Building Newshttp//www.ebuild.com/Archives/Other_ Beth Dunlop, Architectural Record Jan. 97, The New Urbanists The Second Generation, p.132-135

The Catcher In The Rye :: essays papers

The Catcher In The RyeIn a novel, the theme is the insight of real life. J.D. Salingers initiation novel, The Catcher In The Rye, describes the adventures of 16-year old Holden Caulfield, the protagonist and first person narrator, who refuses to grow up and enter manhood. The most important theme developed by Salinger is Holdens problem of dealings with change he has trouble dealing with death, he refuses to accept childrens loss of innocence as a necessary step in the emergence-up process, and has difficulties with growing up. Holden has a near obsession with the death of his younger chum salmon Allie, who died at age thirteen due to leukemia. Holden had punched and broke all the windows in the garage let on of anger he says that his hands still hurt from the incident. Through surface the novel, Holden dwells on Allies death. From Holdens thoughts, it is obvious that he loves and misses Allie. In order to hold on to his brother and to minimize the pain of his loss, Holde n brings Allies baseball mitt along with him where ever he goes. The mitt has additional meaning and significance for Holden because Allie had written poetry, which Holden reads, from the baseball mitt. Towards the end of the book, Holden proves once again that he cant cope with death. Phoebe, his younger sister, is putting him on the spot by asking him what he likes, but Holden can only gauge of two nuns and a boy, James W. Castle. James W. Castle was a boy who Holden had lent his sweater to, Castle died unfortunately by being thrown out of a window wearing Holdens sweater. Another thing that haunts Holden is the fact that during roll call in class, his pull round name always is called after Castles last name. After the brief moment of reminiscing, Holden irritates Phoebe by saying, I like Allie. He has trouble acknowledging the death of his brother. Holden cannot accept the loss of innocence as a step into the growing up process. The ones that he loves most, are those wh o are younger to him, they are innocent, and untouched by societys truths. Holden says, I keep figure all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobodys around-nobody big. I mean eject me.

The Catcher In The Rye :: essays papers

The Catcher In The RyeIn a novel, the theme is the insight of real life. J.D. Salingers initiation novel, The Catcher In The Rye, describes the adventures of 16-year old Holden Caulfield, the protagonist and first person narrator, who refuses to grow up and enter manhood. The most important theme developed by Salinger is Holdens problem of transaction with change he has trouble dealing with death, he refuses to accept childrens loss of innocence as a necessary step in the emergence-up process, and has difficulties with growing up. Holden has a near obsession with the death of his younger brother Allie, who died at age thirteen due to leukemia. Holden had punched and broke all the windows in the garage emerge of anger he says that his hands still hurt from the incident. Through come out of the closet the novel, Holden dwells on Allies death. From Holdens thoughts, it is obvious that he loves and misses Allie. In order to hold on to his brother and to minimize the pain of hi s loss, Holden brings Allies baseball mitt along with him where ever he goes. The mitt has additional meaning and significance for Holden because Allie had written poetry, which Holden reads, from the baseball mitt. Towards the end of the book, Holden proves once again that he cant cope with death. Phoebe, his younger sister, is putting him on the spot by asking him what he likes, but Holden can only cypher of two nuns and a boy, James W. Castle. James W. Castle was a boy who Holden had lent his sweater to, Castle died unfortunately by being thrown out of a window wearing Holdens sweater. Another thing that haunts Holden is the fact that during roll call in class, his finis name always is called after Castles last name. After the brief moment of reminiscing, Holden irritates Phoebe by saying, I like Allie. He has trouble acknowledging the death of his brother. Holden cannot accept the loss of innocence as a step into the growing up process. The ones that he loves most, are those who are younger to him, they are innocent, and untouched by societys truths. Holden says, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobodys around-nobody big. I mean withdraw me.

A Pair of Silk Stockings by Kate Chopin Essay

In the short story A Pair of Silk Stockings by Kate Chopin, we see a great example of realism in the daily feeling of an average woman after the civil war. Mrs. Sommers lived her early life with a decent amount of luxury, but after getting married and having several kids, she has give out quite cautious with her money. She is known to make her careful calculations and bargain her way to a better price. This can be considered foreshadowing for the experience to come, as Mrs. Sommers loses herself to the avariciousness and desire to deliver a life filled with opulence and pleasure once again.Due to her financial standing, Mrs. Sommers is very frugal and definitely knows the value of bargaining. She is managewise known for her unselfishness towards her children Theyre on the top of her priority list, and wants to give them the very best. Just like any normal mother during that time period. When circumstances decides to set the 15 dollars in front of the caring mom, she immediatel y decides to spend it on her beloved children. She lays awake during the night and comes up with a specific picture for what she would use the money for with everyone gaining from it. What a clever plan This far into the story, its very realistic and plausible for a mother to be this caring and harming towards her family, especially during this time period.The next day however, she makes a couple mistakes even before she starts shopping. First, she is faint and tired. Two things result from this. Firstly, she sits down on a stool, resulting in her hand brushing against the silk stockings. Secondly, because of her fatigue, she is more likely to not have the energy to think properly or have the gumption to bargain like she usually does. Her second mistake was to go shopping on an empty stomach. This will come back to haunt her later, and aid in her frivolous spending.As Mrs. Sommers sits down on the stool and brushes against the silk stockings, she gives in to their siren call, and breaks down and purchases them. But it gets worse, she then goes to the shoe department and tried to find some duplicate shoes for her newly found stockings. She buys a very stylish pair of boots, but they too cost a little more than your standard theme covering. She then continues to buy a pair of gloves and a couple magazines completing her breakdown of personal responsibility and self control in the clothing department. She then continues on to a cute little restaurant, and continues to splurge there, because of course, she hadnt eaten before leaving home. She then gets in a cable car, and heads for home, wishing that it would continue on forever, never taking a stop.This whole encounter is a realistic view on how those who are not used to having riches, or those who used to have riches, and wish to return to their old life, are apt to become irresponsible with the money to which they have been blessed. It can certainly be easy to lose oneself to the mundane pleasures, especi ally if they arent thinking clearly due to fatigue or hunger. Especially during this time period, the people lived very frugally, since they didnt have a high-pitched income, and this could be very grinding on those who are used to living in high opulence. Its so important to remember that with great wealthiness comes great responsibility. And this is very apparent in A Pair of Silk Stockings.

Meaning of Life and Happiness Essay

I do not think that at that place is a single person in the world who can say that knows what happiness echtly is and, more importantly, that knows how to achieve it. We sometimes get the glimpse of pure happiness but those moments are so rare and so intense that we only identify them too late.Each of us understands this feeling in a different wayI, for instance, see it as the one that can put one over you feel that there is no worry in life and nothing and nobody can hurt you anymore. For me, it is when you feel like you can do anything and forget about the past, the future, retributory enjoying the mere present. In my case, it is one of two feelings that can make you cry with all your heartbecause it is too much for you to express in plain spoken language or pointless gestures. Tears are words that the heart cant express a wise man once said and could amaze never said it better, as happiness is that joy which is so strong that sometimes thus far hurts.However, I never reme mber the recipe for happiness and even if I did I do not think it would work again because one of its components is also hazard. Still, this does nt make me stop searching for it and devote it everything I do, I am and I achieve. Likewise, each person Ive ever met, consciously or not, did the samewe want to get something, to become someone. Why? Not because that would make us feel miserable, but fulfilled and maybe a little bit more happy.Hence, I strongly believe that happiness is the main pop the question of our lives, the whole aim of our ephemeral existence. We are born happy and we want to die the same this is the true ideal that we all crave for reaching. Money, wealth, knowledge humble nothing, without someone who cares about what you have achieved. Human beings, whether they like admitting it or not, need other human beings to share their secrets with, to share their joy or sorrow as genuine joy can only become happiness if there is another person by your side.In other wor ds, happiness is, in my opinion, the actual meaning of life and life seems so complicated especially because we seldom get to its core, we almost never get to know what happiness feels likeand subsequently all that remains is an unclear memory of the moment and a wish of feeling it again.

Biomagnification Lab Report Essay

PROCEDUREThe pile of M&Ms represents the phytoplankton population in a lake. The printed M on the candy represents the get of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (in ppm) the algae ingested from pesticide runoff from a nearby agricultural ara. There ar 100 M&Ms in the pile. Each circle on a lower floor represents on phytoplankton. Mark the amount of toxin to each bingle phytoplankton has ingested. If at that place is a full M stamped on the candy then that phytoplankton has ingested 1 ppm of DDT, so write 1 in one of the circles to a lower place. If there is no M on the candy then that phytoplankton did not ingest any DDT so write a O in one of the circles below. If there is a partial M on the candy then estimate how much of the M there is. For example, if there is only on hump of the M then that would equal a unit of DDT ingested by that phytoplankton so you would fill in one of the circles below with . Zooplankton in the lake (population size 20) each eat 5 algae. ply 5 M&Ms i nto each of the zooplankton cups. Record the amount of DDT each zooplankton has ingested exploitation the instructions from step 1. Write these amounts onto the individual copepod pictures below. Minnows (population size 5) in the lake each eat 4 zooplankton, ingesting naught and the toxin that is stored in the zooplankton as well. Move the correct good turn of M&Ms from the zooplankton cups into the minnows cups. Record the amount of DDT ingested by each of the small fish onto the fish below using the instructions from step 1 tocalculate the total amount of each fish. Two eels then come along for dinner. One eels eats 2 minnows and the otherwise eel eats 3 minnows. Move the correct number of M&Ms from the minnow cups into the eel cups. Write the amount of DDT ingested by the each eel onto the pictures below. use up the instructions from step 1 to calculate the total amount of DDT for each. Finally, an osprey flies by and eats both eels. Move the correct number of M&Ms from the eel cups into the osprey bowl. Calculate and then write the total amount of DDT ingested by the osprey onto the picture below.OBJECTIVESVisualize the processes of bioaccumulation and biomagnification. conjecture between the similar concepts of bioaccumulation and biomagnification using a mathematical model. Calculate the amount of goose egg gained/lost by the energy transfers of a typical food chain. recapitulation trophic aim names and energy characteristics.BACKGROUNDDDT was the first synthesized insect pesticide that was widely used throughout the globe after the WW II. In the wooing of numerous African nations, this pesticide proved its soaring popularity delinquent to its primordial ability to fend off disease-carrying mosquitoes. While it still does not change the fact that mosquitoes pose a noteworthy threat to the globes health, the situations regarding the contagious Malaria flu reached its peak in African nations.Therefore, naturally, people began to use this pes ticide in order to execute off all the mosquitoes at heart the vicinity of their respective habitats. However, chaotic consequences ensued. The organisms in the numerous African ecosystems began to assimilate toxic substances into their bodies, resulting in greater environmental terms along with enhanced pollutions. One dominant example would be birds. Most species of birds need numerous substantial provisions of calcium in order to beat healthy eggs. However, because of the growing amount of toxins, the eggs wont hatch properly. And, even if it does, the baby birds will either live to see the next break of day before their deaths or die immediately. This caused a sharp population decline for birdspecies such as Osprey, Brown Pelicans, and Bald Eagles. Fortunately, the American government accept the potential threat of this pesticide relatively early, responding by banning the commercial use of this organochlorine pesticide. In order to prevent this situation from blooming into a full-scale crisis, the capital of Sweden Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was introduced at the Conference of Plenipotentiaries to try and eliminate and/or control the use of DDT and other POPs around the world. This assemblage received over 150 countries consensus, thus banning the use of DDT at all costs.PROCESSING WITH TABLESThe above tables represent the total sets of info that I have gathered during my laboratory. Disregarding the semi-tables that display the process of calculations, the first column of my table depicts the average amount of DDT ingestion for each and every species. Since I knew the formula to get the said data, I was able to process this column with comparably more ease than the other ones. The second column depicts the amount of energy for onespecies under each category. For example, only one phytoplankton contains 200 kcal indoors its body. Likewise, that column of my table depicts the amount of energy that each individual of the spe cies have within their bodies. The next column, column C, shows the total amount of energy for each and every categories through kcal. For instance, there are 100 phytoplanktons in the lake. Each phytoplankton contains 200 kcal of energy within their bodies. Therefore, if you multiply 200 with 100, you get the total amount of energy which is 20000. The last column fundamentally illustrates the name of the trophic level the species belong in this lab. You can see that the phytoplanktons, which are a type of green algae, is the primary feather produce that supports that entire ecosystem through its ability of photosynthesis. Next, you can see that copepods are the primary producers, or herbivore, that eat the phytoplanktons. The copepods are eaten by a small fish known as the minnows, and they mark the place of the secondary consumers. Next, the eels come as third consumers overdue to their predation on the minnows. However, the top, or quaternary, consumer would be the osprey in th is case. Osprey feeds on eels, and there are no other predators that hunt ospreys in this lab.DATA ANALYSISSummary of Data TrendsCompare the amount of DDT found in the osprey with the amount of toxin found in one phytoplankton. Be specific. Discuss numerical evidence.The amount of DDT found in the osprey with the amount found in one phytoplankton are vastly different to say the very least. In phytoplankton, the average amount of consumed DDT is slightly 0.28 ppm. This contrasts greatly to the one measured from the osprey, for they have the total amount of 28 ppm of DDT ingested within its body. While it still does not change the fact that phytoplanktons are the ones who directly consume DDT from their surrounding environment, it is surprising to note that the actual amount of toxins are far less than those of one osprey. The calculations reveal that one osprey have about 10 times more ppm of DDT inside its body than one phytoplankton. This is due to the process of biomagnification, which states that as the predation progresses higher up in the food chain, the amount of absorbed toxins will only augment.Write a split where you compare and contrast what your pyramids tell you. Discuss similarities and difference between the pyramids, above and beyond the obvious. Do the various shaped make sense, given what you know about food chains in general and biomagnifications? Why or why not?First, there are three drawn pyramids Energy, Typical, and Number. Energy pyramid basically depicts the flow of energy through the food chain using indicative arrows. This will contribute in displaying how the energy is lost and gained as the predation commences. It is obviously important to know the concept of energy pyramid, for it complements the theory that states that the majority of the gained energy is lost in order to maintain metabolism for most of the organisms. Number pyramid depicts the number of each organisms per trophic level. This pyramid is quite interesting becaus e this pyramid is the only one showing the estimated quantity of the organisms in an ecosystem. Notice how many phytoplanktons are required to maintain and feed one osprey. Likewise, there has to be producers of vastly greater numbers in order to sustain only a a few(prenominal) of the top consumers. Not only that, but the number of organisms shows a significant decline as the trophic level progresses, proving the fact that each trophic level requires more of its previous trophic level to maintain its population as a whole. A typical ecological pyramid shows the most fundamental relationships through the depiction of a food chain. All it shows are the designated trophic levels such as the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and so on. The shapes of the pyramid are usually a triangle. This shapes pretty much works for nearly all the cases. and I believe the shapes depicted by the three pyramids do make sense. To specify, the triangle becomes steeper and narrower as the t rophic level progresses. Numerically and diagrammatically, the shape of a triangle will be fit to satisfy all three food pyramids.OBSERVATIONDuring the data that I have collected, a clear augmentation of the amount of toxins are easy to recognize throughout. This is because of the process known as the biomagnification. As you can see from the table, the amount of absorbed toxins are continuously increasing through additional trophiclevels. This undoubtedly demonstrates the said theory piece illuminating the fact that DDT is a fat-soluble pollutant, thence proving it impossibly difficult to secret through waste. My observations state that the amount of acquired energy are dwindling as the trophic level progresses. This is clearly due to the 10% rule, which states that the existing trophic level will only be able to obtain only the 10% of the energy previously obtained by its predecessor. This is due to the fact that energy, once gathered, are extremely expendable by variety of meth ods. The organisms tend to use most of its gathered energies before being consumed by its predators, therefore bequeathing only a few percentage of its primary energy. With that said, notice how the osprey, the top dog of the food chain, received the most toxin with the least energy.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, I have learned that the process of biomagnification along with accumulation can have a dramatic impact on an ecosystem as a whole. Since this lab mainly deemed DDT as the pesticide at hand, I was also able to read the briefed version of its history while understanding the harmful effects it has on the ecosystems and the organisms as a whole. Furthermore, I was also acquainted with a few conceptions in regards to calculating the total energy while at the same time applying the 10% rule for the energy reductions. It was a very worthwhile experience to know how much of a real-world problem these chemical regulations are as well as the everlasting impacts of the fat-soluble pollutan ts that continue to plague numerous ecosystems even today. Not only that, I learned to visualize the processes of bioaccumulation and magnification while being able to dissever between the two using both scientific and mathematical models. Finally, even though I am already familiar with this concept, it was quite refreshing to lease in the names and levels of trophic levels into this lab. I was able to connect the said knowledge directly to the topic that I am dealing right now. With that said, I believe I have gathered more than sufficient information that would aid me in the future regarding the concepts of biomagnification and accumulation.EVALUATIONOverall, this was a decent lab that served its excogitation of demonstrating the concepts regarding the process of bioaccumulation along with magnification. The lab provided sufficient background information, and the procedures were concise and easy to understand. However, I would like to make it clear that this lab couldve been mo re productive and elicit if made online and virtual. Due to the fact that this activity was error-sensitive, the lab itself was very emotionally-provocative. I personally made one big error in regards to counting, and my group was obligate to redo the whole counting again in the hopes of getting it finally correct. Frustrated would be the least of what I truly felt during the process of redoing. Therefore, this lab couldve been shaped into a much better activity if I get to do it with my laptop. This will surely save a lot of time while at the same time be a bit less annoying and tedious. Furthermore, doing this lab on a computer will also establish anyone an easier access to Google Drive or any means of recording medium. Through these basic amenities, I could always jot down things that compose my lab cover up there and then. Doing this entire lab physically with all the tokens and bowls will be troublesome to say the least. It would be way better if this lab was translated ele ctronically onto a computer.

EX open ended lab fluid

The flow Of piddle should be changed by regulating the outlet flow control valve. ) Once again, measure the flow of water and the manometer reading. 10) At least 6 readings should be obtained per experiment. 1 1 ) Turn off the pump, shut the isolating valve and the tapping valve for test pipework 1 12) The manometer is then inserted into the tapping points for test pipe 2 and open both the tapping and isolating valve. 13) Run the pump and all the relevant readings should be taken 14) The procedures were repeated for test pipe 3.Problem statement This water distributing system is to be a design for a water supply system from reservoir in Pang to Muar. The design pass on take into context all related parameters that will affect the design in terms of head loss. The monthly report will be submitted to Lumbago Air Juror. My police squad will be conducting an experiment to determine the most effective pipe size, by considering friction factor and pipe fitting. We will prepare the sti mulated data-based design for submission.Ways and means Suitable test methods to carry out the experiment were Identified based on the relevant standards. The experimental methods will be presented and we will defend our procedure. Rest It sheet PVC pipe no 1 diameter = 1 inch Cue /ran) Hal (m) h2o (m) Expo. Head loss, hex (IMHO) subway system diameter Velocity, V (m/s) Theoretical head loss, (IMHO) percentage error (%) PVC pipe no 2 diameter = % inch Q (L/r-n) Theoretical head loss, parcel error (%) PVC pipe no 3 diameter = h inch Q (L/ran)

Night World : Soulmate Chapter 2

Hannah ready herself on her feet. Her awareness was fragmented and understanding came to her inpieces because she simply couldnt take in the whole situation at once. It was too bizarre.At first she simply cerebration of a bomb. The explosion was that loud. Then she realized that something hadcome in the pencil leadow, that it had come flying through the glass. And that it was in the room with her now,crouching among the broken shards of windowpane. even up hence, she couldnt identify it. It was too incongruous her psyche refused to recognize the shapeimmediately. Something pretty big-something loathsomeness, it offered. A personate comparable a dogs unless set higher, with doggeder legs. Yellow eyeball.And then, as if the right lens had suddenly clicked in front of her look, she saw it clearly.A wildcat. There was a big bare wolf down in the room with her.It was a gorgeous animal, rangy and muscular, with ebony-colored fur and a white streak on its throatlike a abscond of lightning. It was looking at her fixedly, with an almost human expression.Escaped fromYellowst unmatchable , Hannah thought dazedly. The naturalists were reintroducing wolves to thepark, werent they? It couldnt be wild Ryan Hardens great-grandpa had bragged for years ab erupt killingthe last wolf in Amador county when he was a boy.Anyway, she told herself, wolves dont attack people. They n incessantly attack people. A single wolf wouldnever attack a full-grown teenager.And all the time her conscious mind was thinking this, something deeper was making her move.It made her back up slowly, never taking her eyes off the wolf, until she felt the bookcase behind her.Theres something you need to get, a voice in her mind was whispering to her. It wasnt like the voice of other person, scarcely it wasnt exactly like her own mental voice, either. It was a voice like a dark modifywind competent and rather bleak. Something you saw on a shelf earlier, it tell.In an impossibly graceful moti on, from eight feet away, the wolf leaped.There was no time to be scared. Hannah saw a bushy, flowing menacing arc coming at her and then she wasslammed into the bookcase. For a while after that, everything was simply chaos. Books andknick-knacks were fall around her. She was trying to get her balance, trying to push the heaviness of afurry corpse away from her. The wolf was falling back, then jumping again as she twisted sideways to get away.And the eeriest thing was that she actually was getting away. Or at least evading the worst of thewolfs lunges, which seemed to be aimed at knocking her to the knock down. Her body was moving as if thiswere, somehow instinctive to her, as if she knew how to do this.But I dont have it away this. I never fight and Ive authoritatively never play dodge ball with a wolf before.As she thought it, her movements slowed. She didnt feel sure and instinctive any longer. She feltconfused.And the wolf seemed to know it. Its eyes glowed eerily yellow in the light of a lamp that was lying on itsside. They were such strange eyes, more intense and more savage than any animals shed ever seen. Shesaw it draw its legs beneath it.Move-now, the mysterious new part of her mind snapped.Hannah moved. The wolf hit the bookcase with incredible force, and then the bookcase itself was falling.Hannah flung herself sideways in time to countermand being crushed-but the case fell with an unholy noisedirectly in front of the door.Trapped, the dark cool voice in Hannahs mind noted analytically. No exit anymore, except the window.Hannah? Hannah? It was Pauls voice sightly outside the room. The door flew open-all of four inches. Itjammed against the fallen bookcase. God-whats pass on in thither? Hannah? Hannah He sounded panic now, banging the door uselessly against the blockage.Dont think about him, the new part of Hannahsmind said sharply, but Hannah couldnt help it. He sounded so desperate. She opened her blab toshout back to him, her concentr ation broken.And the wolf lunged.This time Hannah didnt move fast enough. A terrible weight smashed into her and she was falling, flying.She landed hard, her head smacking into the floorboards.It hurt.Even as she felt it, everything colouriseed out. Her vision went sparkling, her mind soared away from thepain, and a strange thought flickered through her head.Im dead now. Its over again. Oh, Isis, Goddess of Life, guide me to the other world.Hannah Hannah Whats going on in there? Pauls frantic voice came to her dimly.Hannahs vision cleared and the bizarre thoughts vanished. She wasnt soaring in sparkling emptiness andshe wasnt dead. She was lying on the floor with a books sharp corner in the small of her back and awolf on her chest.Even in the midst of her terror, she felt a strange appalled fascination. She had never seen a wild animalthis close. She could see the white-tipped guard hairsbreadths standing erect on its face and neck she could seesaliva twinkling on its lolling red tongue. She could smell its breath-humid and hot, vaguely dog-like but a lot wilder.And she couldnt move, she realized. The wolf was as long as she was tall, and it weighed more than shedid. Pinned underneath it, she was utterly helpless. All she could do was lie there shivering as the narrow,almost delicate muzzle got closer and closer to her face.Her eyes closed involuntarily as she felt the frosty wetness of its nose on her cheek. It wasnt anaffectionate gesture. The wolf was nudging at strands of her hair that had fallen across her face. Using itsmuzzle like a hand to push the hair away.Oh, God, please make it stop, Hannah thought. But she was the only one who could stop this-and shedidnt know how.Now the cold nose was moving across her cheekbone. Its sniffing was loud in her ear. The wolf seemedto be smelling her, tasting her, and looking at her all at once.No. Not looking at me. Looking at my birthmark.It was another one of those ridiculous, impossible thoughts-and it snapp ed into place like the last piece ina puzzle deep inside her. Irrational as it was, Hannah felt absolutely certain it was true. And it set off thecool wind voice in her mind again.Reach out, the voice whispered, quiet and businesslike. Feel around you. The weapon has to be theresomewhere. You saw it on the bookcase. Find it.The wolf stopped its explorations, seeming satisfied. It lifted its head and laughed.Really laughed. It was the eeriest and most frightening thing Hannah had ever seen. The big emitopened, panting, showing teeth, and the yellow eyes blazed with hot bestial triumph.Hurry, hurry.Hannahs eyes were helplessly fixed on the sharp white teeth ten inches away from her face, but her handwas creeping out, feeling along the smooth pinefloorboards around her. Her fingers glided over books, over the feathery texture of a fern-and then oversomething square and cold and faced with glass.The wolf didnt seem to notice. Its lips were pulling back farther and farther. Not laughin g anymore.Hannah could see its short front teeth and its long curving canines. She could see its forehead wrinkling.And she could feel its body vibrate in a low and vicious growl.The sound of absolute savagery.The cool wind voice had taken over Hannahs mind completely. It was telling her what would happennext. The wolf would sink his teeth into her throat and then shake her, tearing skin and ripping musclesaway. Her blood would disperse like a fountain. It would fill her severed windpipe and her lungs and hermouth. She would die gasping and choking, maybe drowning before she bled out.Except. . . that she had silver in her hand. A silver demonstrate variety.Kill it, the cool voice whispered. Youve got the right weapon. Hit it dead in the eye with a corner. Drivesilver into its brain.Hannahs everyday mind didnt even try to figure out how a conniption frame could possibly be the rightweapon. It didnt object, either. But faint and faraway, there came another voice in her head. Li ke thecool wind voice, it wasnt hers, but it wasnt someone elses, either. It was a clear crystal voice thatseemed to sparkle in jeweled colors as it spoke.You are not a killer. You dont kill. You dupe never killed, no matter what happened to you. You do notkill.I dont kill, Hannah thought slowly, in agreement.Then youre going to die, the cool wind voice said brutally, much louder than the crystal voice. Becausethis animal wont stop until either its dead or you are. Theres no other way to deal with these creatures.Then it happened. The wolfs mouth opened. In a lightning-fast move, it darted for her throat.Hannah didnt think. She brought the picture frame up and slammed it into the side of the wolfs head.Not into the eye. Into the ear.She felt the impact-hard metal against sensitive flesh. The wolf gave a yelping squeal and staggeredsideways, shaking its head and hitting at its face with a forepaw. Its weight was off her for an instant, andan instant was all Hannah needed.Her body m oved without her conscious direction, sliding out from under the wolf, twisting and jumpingto her feet.She unbroken her grasp on the picture frame.Now. Look around The bookcase-no, you cant move it. The window Go for the window.But the wolf had stopped shaking its head. Even as Hannah started across the room, it cancelled and sawher. In one flowing, bushy leap it put itself surrounded by her and the window. Then it stood looking at her,every hair on its body bristling. Its teeth were bared, its ears upright, and its eyes glared with pure hatredand menace.Its going to spring, Hannah realized.I am not a killer. I cant kill.You dont have any choice-The wolf sprang. But it never reached her. Something else came soaring through the window and knocked it off course.This time, Hannahs eyes and brain identified the creature at once. Another wolf. My God, what is going on?The new animal was gray-brown, little than the black wolf and not as striking. Its legs were amazinglydelicate, twine d with veins and sinews like a racehorses.A female, something faraway in Hannahs mind said with dreamlike certainty.Both wolves had acquire their balance now. They were on their feet, bristling. The room smelled likea zoo.And now Im really going to die, Hannah thought. Im going to be torn to pieces by two wolves. She was button up clutching the picture frame, but she knew there was no chance of fighting them both off at once. Theywere going to rip her to bits, quarreling over who got more of her.Her heart was pounding so hard that it shook her body, and her ears were ringing. The female wolf wasstaring at her with eyes more amber than yellow, and Hannah stared back, mesmerized, waiting for it tomake its move.The wolf held the gaze for another implication, as if studying Hannahs face-in particular the left side of herface. Her cheek. Then she turned her back to Hannah and faced the black wolf.And snarled.Protecting me, Hannah thought, stunned. It was unbelievable-but she was beyond disbelief at this point.She had stepped out of her ordinary life and into a fairy tale full of almost-human wolves. The entire world had departed crazy and all she could do was try to deal with each moment as it came.Theyre going to fight, the cool wind voice in her mind told her. As soon as theyre into it, run for thewindow.At that moment everything erupted into bedlam. The gray wolf had launched herself at the black. Theroom echoed with the sound of snarling-and of teeth clicking together as both wolves snapped again andagain.Hannah couldnt make out what was going on in the fight. It was just a blurred chaos as the wolvescircled and darted and leaped and ducked. But it was by far the most terrifying thing she had everwitnessed. Like the worst dog fight imaginable, like the feeding frenzy of sharks. Both animals seemed tohave gone berserk.Suddenly there was a yelp of pain. Blood welled up on the gray females flank.Shes too small, Hannah thought. withal light. She doesnt have a c hance.Help her, the crystal voice whispered.It was an insane suggestion. Hannah couldnt even imagine trying to get in the middle of that snarlingwhirlwind. But somehow she found herself moving anyway. Placing herself behind the gray wolf. It didntmatter that she didnt believe she was doing it, or that she had no melodic theme how to team up with a wolf infighting another wolf. She was there and she was safekeeping her silver picture frame high.The black wolf pulled away from the fight to stare at her.And there they stood, all three of them panting, Hannah with caution and the wolves with exertion. Theywere frozen like a tableau in the middle of the wrecked office, all looking at each other tensely. Theblack wolf on one side, his eyes shining with single-minded menace. The gray wolf on the other, bloodmatting her coat, bits of fur floating away from her. And Hannah right behind her, holding up the pictureframe in a shaking hand.Hannahs ears were filled with the deep reverberating sound of growling.And then a deafening report that land through the room like a knife.A gunshot.The black wolf yelped and staggered.Hannahs senses had been focused on what was going on inside the room for so long that it was a shockto realize there was anything, outside it. She was dimly aware that Pauls yells had stopped some timeago, but she hadnt stopped to consider what that meant.Now, with adrenaline washables over her, she heard his voice.Hannah Get out of the wayThe shout was tense, edged with fear and anger- and determination. It came from the opposite side of the room, from the darkness outside the window.Paul was there at the broken window with a gun. His face was pale and his hand was shaking. He wasaiming in the general direction of the wolves. If he fired again he top executive hit either of them.Get into a corner The gun bobbed nervously.Hannah heard herself say, Dont shootHer voice came out hoarse and unused-sounding. She moved to get in between the gun and the wol ves.Dont shoot, she said again. Dont hit the gray one.Hit the gray one? Pauls voice rose in something like hysterical laughter. I dont even know if I can hitthe wall This is the first time Ive ever shot a gun. So just-just try to get out of the wayNo Hannah moved toward him, holding out her hand. I can shoot. Just give it to me-Just move out of the way-The gun went off.For an instant Hannah couldnt see where the bullet had gone and she wondered wildly if she had beenshot. Then she saw that the black wolf was lurching backward. Blood dripped from its neck.Steel wont kill it, the wind voice hissed. Youre only making it more angry. .But the black wolf was swinging its head to look with blazing eyes from Hannah with her picture frameto Paul with his gun, to the gray wolf with her teeth. The gray wolf snarled just then and Hannah hadnever seen an animal look closer to being smug.One more shot Paul breathed. While its corneredEars flat, the black wolf turned toward the only other window i n the room. It launched into a vaultingleap straight toward the unbroken glass. There was a shattering crash as it went through. water ice fragmentsflew everywhere, tinkling.Hannah stared dizzily at the curtains swirling first outside, then inside the room, and then her headsnapped around to look at the gray wolf.Amber eyes met hers directly. It was such a human stare and definitely the look of an equal. Almostthe look of a friend.Then the gray wolf twisted and loped for the newly broken window. Two steps and a leap-she wasthrough.From somewhere outside there came a long drawn-out howl of anger and defiance. It was fading, as ifthe wolf was moving away.Then silence. Hannah shut her eyes.Her knees literally felt as if they wanted to buckle. But she made herself move to the window, glassgrating under her boots as she stared into the night.The moon was bright, one day past full. She thought she could just see a dark shape loping toward theopen prairie, but it might have been her imag ination.She let out her breath and sagged against the window. The silver picture frame fell to the floor.Are you hurt? Are you okay? Paul was climbing through the other window. He tripped on awaste-basket getting across the room, then he was beside her, grabbing for her shoulders, trying to lookher over.I think Im all right. She was numb, was what she was. She felt dazed and fragmented.He blinked at her. Um .. . you have some particular fondness for gray wolves or something?Hannah shook her head. How could she ever explain?They stared at each other for a moment, and then, simultaneously, they both sank to the floor, squattingamong the shards of glass, breathing hard.Pauls face was white, his red hair disheveled, hiseyes large and stunned. He ran a shaky hand over his forehead, then put the gun down and patted it. Hetwisted his neck to stare at the wreck of his office, the overturned bookcase, the scattered books andknickknacks, the two broken windows, the glass fragments, the bullet hole, the flecks of blood, and thetufts of wolf hair that still drifted across the pine floorboards.Hannah said faintly, So who was at the door?Paul blinked twice. Nobody. Nobody was at the door. He added almost dreamily, I wonder if wolvescan ring doorbells?What?Paul turned to look straight at her.Has it ever occurred to you, he blurted, that you may not be paranoid after all? I mean, that somethingweird and uncanny really is out to get you? genuinely funny, Hannah whisperedI mean- Paul gestured around the room, half-laughing. He looked punch-drunk. I mean, you saidsomething was going to happen-and something did. He stopped laughing and looked at her withwondering speculation. You really did know, didnt you?Hannah glared at the man who was supposed to guide her back to sanity. Are you crazy?Paul blinked. He looked shocked and embarrassed, then he glanced away and shook his head. God, I dont know. high-risk that wasnt very professional, was it? But He stared out the window. Well, for amoment it just seemed possible that youve got some kind of secret locked up there in your brain.Something extraordinary.Hannah said nothing. She was trying to forgetabout too many things at once the new part of her that whispered strategies, the wolves with humaneyes, the silver picture frame. She had no idea what all these things added up to, and she didnt want toknow. She wanted to force them away from her and go back to the safe ordinary worldofSacajaweaHigh School .Paul cleared his throat, still looking out the window. His voice was uncertain and almost apologetic. Itcant be true, of course. Theres got to be a rational explanation. But-well, if it were true, it occurs to methat somebody had better unlock that secret. Before something worse happens.

What advantages or disadvantages are there of having a telephone mast at your school?

I deliberated in finding you a result, never the slight I pull up stakes give you an unbiased view point and give you a pragmatic answer Consequently I arrive at prepared a list of bullet points for and against for the answerFor* Good phone signals are in place so a teacher can easily contact others (via nomadic phone) if the conditions are stormy.* If a phone mass was put into place, companys across the country would manufacture there businesses nearby so all employees could conveniently access well phone signals meaning Clayton would be popular village meaning a boost in local economy* People would see Clayton as a more than business friendly town, meaning more leisure prospects because companies might set up major offices and buildings* Small towns may be transformed into a thriving city because a brilliant signals* May bring protesters although they would indigence transport and accommodation therefore it puts money into the economy again* If major companys relieve oneself big offices near by other people may be persuaded to create other things nearby to cater for the business mens every train for example coffee shops and luxury outlet stores for rich people who work in the offices* If thriving companys start up in the town other buildings will come as well, for example the company may want a building nearby were they can host there website (lots of servers) so they dont have to become far to maintain equipment, meaning that they will buy more land leading to estate agents and nearby people gaining lots of money, which will further more be pumped back into the economy* If major companys set up in the nearby town, big companies such as BT etc will feel pressured not to have a office in the town because the town will be popular full of people* More shops would appear because the town would be so popular meaning lots of people would buy products from there shop* There is no real evidence to suggest that the EM shaft of light used in cellular communic ations is harmful.Against* There are fears that fluent phone masts present a threat to health, these fears begin with the warming of the brain submit from mobile phones, this leads onto the possible causes of cancer that come from phone masts e.g. brain tumours, this is the cause of microwave radiation.* You might have trouble sleeping as time goes on and you could be at risk from catching a brain tumour. Also if someone was to stand near a phone mast they might be at risk of catching the flu.* Seven different studies had concluded that mobile phones could increase the retrieves of both malignant and benign brain tumours.* Can be seen as unattractive for example, if there is elegant view around the town the mast would instantly destroy it Meaning that if the town is seen as a rural, it is no instantly transformed as an urban town* Newcastle is aimed at older people (London is aimed at younger people) Therefore they will be against the changeHow it worksMobile phones work use ra dio signals in a similar way to radio and television. The system is handbagd on geographic areas known as cells. When you make a call, your mobile phone sends a signal to the nearest base station that controls a cell. The base station then transmits the signal through mobile and fixed drag networks to connect you.Cells vary in size depending on location and demand. A large base station may be able to carry carbon to 150 calls simultaneously while a smaller one may only be able to carry around 30 calls. More base send will be needed in areas where lots of people want to use their mobile phones. There are around 51,000 base stations in the UK, two-thirds of which are integrated into the design of existing buildings or structures.ConclusionThis is a very debateable subject, however I hope the bullet points I have willingly provided have made it easier for me to make a strong decision If I was put in charge of making this decision I would be for the telephone mast because it would b ring major companies to Newcastle-under-Lyme which would be excellent for the economy, There are about 70 million mobile phones in use in the UK which of whom need to base stations, this is why one should be made in Newcastle because they have to be madePeople may protest and rebel about this although this wouldnt social function too much because after a while people will forgetIf we did put a telephone mast in Newcastle there is a chance that Newcastle under Lyme could be completely transformed for the best Some major disadvantages would be that it could cause harm towards the civilians and that the change could anger the more older universe because they might not like thriving citys and prefer the quite villages

Psychological Therapy: Family Therapy

Family Therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on the relationship in the midst of family members or partners. While other type of therapy look at idiosyncratic patients alone, family therapy brings family relationships into the picture. The goal of this therapy is to explore the relationships with other family members that may be the potential cause of the problem or problems of the identified patient (Exploring 503). There argon multiple approaches that a family healer may take. Some of the study techniques include Structural Therapy, Conjoint Therapy, and Strategic Therapy.Structural Therapy, developed by Salvador Minuchin, focuses on the structure of the family including the relationship with siblings and parents. What makes Structural Therapy contrastive from other forms of Family Therapy is that the healer involved attempts to become precise shut out to the family in which the identified patient/patients is/are in. This helps the therapist to understand on a deeper t ake aim the problems existing amongst the family. Conjoint Therapy t fires to look at the duties that each individual in the family takes on and how they communicate amongst each other.This approach is more common among therapist. The most healthy type of therapy, Strategic Therapy, was influenced by the work of Jay Haley. The therapist in this approach leads the therapy sessions by asking questions and starting discussions. This forward approach triggers feelings and actions from the family involved. Which ever approach the therapist takes, all are effective forms of therapy. In some cases, Family Therapy dismiss be risky for therapists if the relationship between family members or couples is tense.Safety is the number one concern for therapist especially in earlier sessions of charge ( powerfulness of Couple 1). Family therapy prat be a very effective form of therapy if the family involved participates fully. The family bond is the most powerful social connection that an indi vidual can have. That is why people with mental illness, amount abuse, or other disorders tend to have had relationship issues with their parents when they were younger. A close emotional tie with your family is key to living a healthy life free of substance abuse and/or risky behaviors.For this reason, Family Therapy can be very effective, especially for teenagers and younger children. One of the biggest issues amongst teenagers and their parents is lack of communication. Teens often live second lives that they tend to hide from their parents and siblings. If trying to solve family issues in individual therapy, the teen can say whatever he pleases about his family. However, when Family therapy is taking place, the teens actions and responses with the family can be seen firsthand and problems can then be solved.In Family Therapy, the therapist and beget communication among the family members which can lead to positive results. Communication is key. Once the family can learn to be honest with each other, whether it is the teenager and their parents, or the teenager and their sibling, problems caused by miscommunication can be eliminated. Family Therapy can overly be useful for families who have children with mental disabilities. This type of therapy can help them understand what exactly their child is personnel casualty through and how they need to adjust in order to make things better off.Dr. Josephson, a professor and chief of the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the University of Louisville School of Medicine, states that family therapy can help parents adjust their behavior to best manage their childs condition while a physician or mental health lord treats the child individually with medications or behavioral methods(Family). Family Therapy can be a very effective form of therapy is because of its lasting effects. Family therapy can last anywhere from terce months to three years.However, no matter how long the therapy is, families tend to stay in a well-balanced healthy relationship with each other. When parents see how communication can easily solve family issues, they feel empowered to fix future problems using the same techniques they learned from their family therapy sessions. This allows families to have long lasting hearty relationship. A major sub category of Family Therapy is marriage counseling. According to Dr. Aliso Viejo, less than 5% of divorcing couples actually seek marriage counseling (The Benefits 1).The more common reasons that couples attend marriage counseling include poor communication, financial issues, sexual problems, parenting conflicts, infidelity, anger and substance abuse (Effectiveness 2). However, marriage-counseling uses the same techniques described earlier. Therapist attempt to improve communication and the relationship between partners, instead of attempting to fix individual problems. However, there are exceptions to this. If on of the partners is a heavy alcohol consumer, the th erapist may suggest that the person attend substance abuse meetings or counseling.According to AAMFT, or The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, 98% of couples that go through marriage counseling report positive results (Effectiveness 1). With that said, some relationships are just not meant to be and counseling or therapy may be useless. This usually occurs when married couples are seeing other partners secretly and want to end a marriage as soon as they possibly can. Family therapy can be a very effective approach for seeking out problems collectible to miscommunication amongst a household.Not only does Family Therapy fix the identified patients problem, but the family, whether it is a husband and his spouse or a 5 member family, is better off. The family can also improve their relational skills with each other and even people outside of the family. Either way, when multiple people are working together to fix a problem among a family, positive results will be se en in a shorter amount of time. Works Cited Aliso, Viejo, Dr. The Benefits of Marriage Counseling. Healthy Exchange (2012) n. pag. Print. Carolla, Michael. Effectiveness of Couples Therapy. Journal of Marraige and Family Therapy (2003) n. pag. Print. Graffenreid, Ellen. Family Therapy Is Effective Treatment Tool for Children for Substance Abuse and Conduct Disorders. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 12 Aug. 2005. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. . Myers, David G. Exploring Psychology. New York, NY Worth, 2011. Print. Nerfer, Barb. Effectiveness of Marriage Counseling. Family Health (2012) 33-35. Print.

Accounting Made Essay

managerial score refers to the accumulation and preparation of monetary reports for home(a) applyrs only (e. g. charge). Managerial Accounting includes all manipulations of fiscal info for use by managers in performing their specified organizational functions and additionally in ensuring the proper used and handling of an entitys resources. It is the interior(a) production line building role of history and finance professionals who work inside organizations.These professionals atomic number 18 involved in designing and evaluating business processes, budgeting and forecasting, implementing and monitoring internal controls and analyzing, synthesizing, and aggregation information to help drive economic apprize (IMA). Financial Accounting vs. Managerial Accounting Financial Accounting is primarily concerned with the recording of business transactions and the eventual preparation of fiscal statements.See more The Issues Concerning Identity Theft EssayIts decide is to record th e transactions carried out by an organization, principally companies with their environment, in order to summarize at unbendable intervals their financial position and assets, as well as the net take in or loss on operations. Financial accounting focuses on general purpose reports known as financial statements intended for internal and external users and is hooked to reporting jibe to GAAP (e. g. accrual method of accounting). This financial information is broadly speaking for the public, as required by law, and consists of a summary of the companys past transactions.These all-purpose reports with historic date are prepared for use of different parties and the presentation of the financial statements are done formally, and are still useful even if submitted late. The nature of accounting information is monetary and reports the about the company as a whole. On the other hand, Managerial Accounting is responsible to a lesser degree of financial statement presentations to external users because their reports, which are usually confidential, are primarily for internal purposes or users.Also, it is not subject to reporting according to GAAP (e. g. ash basis). The reports have a strong future orientation, due to the concomitant that these are used to forecast the companys health. These, not being required by law, may also be presented informally and timeliness of report is often more important than precision or accuracy and are for specific users only. The nature of its accounting information is both monetary and non-monetary and reports only split or segments of the company. Other sources refer to Management Accounting as similar to Cost Accounting. However, Cost Accounting is only a subset of both financial and management accounting.This is because management involves many decisions based upon cost information. dead-on(prenominal) product costs must be determined according to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and according to decision re levance for internal purposes. Accounting Basics Accounting standards are needed so that an psychiatric hospitals financial statements with fairly and consistently describe its financial performance. Without these vital standards, comparisons and evaluations between companies will be quite difficult since financial statements will be based on individual company accounting rules.The activities that are part of managerial accounting include (a) explaining manufacturing and non-manufacturing costs and how they are reported in the financial statements (b) computing the cost of rendering a service or manufacturing a product (c) determining the deportment of costs and expenses as activity levels change and analyzing cost-volume-profit relationships within a company (d) assisting management in profit planning and formalizing the plans in the form of budgets (e) providing a basis for imperative costs and expenses by comparing true(a) results with planned objectives and standard costs an d (f) accumulating and using relevant data for management decision making. honorable StandardsManagerial accountants recognize that they have an ethical obligation to their companies and the public. The IMA has developed a code of ethical standards entitled Standards of Ethical Conduct for Management Accountants. This code divides the managerial accountants responsibilities into four aspects competence, confidentiality, integrity, and objectivity. Competence includes performing duties in accordance with laws, regulations and the like and preparing complete and clear reports and recommendations. Confidentiality refers to refraining from disclosing confidential information and from using or appearing to use confidential information for unethical or illegal advantage.Integrity involves refusing gifts or favors, recognizing and communicating professional limitations, dynamic or passive subversion of the companys attainment of objectives, communicating both favorable and inauspicious i nformation, and refraining from activities that would discredit the profession. Lastly, objectivity refers to communicating information fairly and objectively and disclosing fully all relevant information that could influence a decision. Management functions involve performing three broad functions, namely planning, directing and motivating, and controlling. readying requires the management to look ahead and establish their objectives or goals as a company, keeping in wit that these objectives add value to the business under its control.Directing and motivating involves coordinating diverse activities and human resources to lay down a smooth-running operation. Controlling, on the other hand, is the process of keeping the forms activities on track. In controlling operations, management determines whether planned goals are being met and what changes are necessary when there are deviations from targeted objectives, All these management functions become the foundation for the cause o f applying management accounting. To be able to properly account for the success or failure of the business, accounting processes are used and standards are imposed. Ultimately, the purpose or goal is to objectively esteem the performance of a corporation to be able to help forecast its future health.

Antidiuretic Hormone

antidiuretic drug Hormone is a nanopeptide, meaning it has nine amino acids (Allain). The hormone is made in the hypothalamus and is transported by axons to be stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. From there, it is released into the inventory circulation when necessary (Bowen). ADH regulates plasma osmolarity, or the concentration of solutes in the ancestry. Osto a greater extentceptors are neurons that sense the osmolarity and send information to the hypothalamus. When plasma osmolarity is be busted a certain threshold, the osmoreceptors are not activated and the secretion of ADH is suppressed.When osmolarity make ups above the threshold, the osmoreceptors stimulate the neurons that secrete ADH (Bowen). ADH is released from the hypothalamus when osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus respect a rise in blood osmolarity, which is normally caused by an excessive loss of water. It reaches the kidneys by blood vessels. Once at the kidneys, the hormone makes distal co nvoluted ducts more permeable to water so that more is reabsorbed and water is conserved in the blood. The juxtaglomerular apparatus, or JGA, helps the kidney when one has low blood squash or low blood volume.When blood pressure drops or there is a lack of sodium in the blood, the JGA releases the enzyme renin into the bloodstream. Renin acts on the plasma protein angiotensin, and turns it into its active form, angiotensin II. Angiotensin II then constricts the arterioles, which raises blood pressure. Raising blood pressure in the arterioles increases filtration (Hormones of Kidney Regulation). antidiuretic drug hormone has piece of musicy maladys related to it. The most common disease of man and animals related to ADH is diabetes insipidus.Diabetes insipidus is a disorder characterized by intense thirst, despite the drinking of fluids, and the excretion of freehanded amounts of urine. There are four main types of diabetes insipidus hypothalamis diabetes insipidus, nephrogenis diabetes insipidus, gestational diabetes insipidus, and primary polydipsia (Diabetes insipidus). Hypothalamic diabetes insipidus is a deficiency in the secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary. Causes of the disease include head trauma, and infections or tumors involving the hypothalamus (Bowen).It is treated with the synthetic hormone, desmopressin. Desmopressin eliminates the increase in urination (Diabetes insipidus). Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is when the kidney is unable to respond to ADH (Bowen). This is caused by renal disease, a genetic disorder, or a chronic kidney disorder. It is treated by a low salt diet, drinking more water, or the drug called hydrochlorothiazide, which reduces urine output. Gestational diabetes insipidus occurs only during pregnancy when an enzyme made by the placenta destroys ADH in the mother.This is in any case treated with desmopressin. Primary polydipsia is the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine. It is caused by an intake of exce ssive fluids or a mental illness. There is no specific treatment other than decreasing the amount of fluid intake, unless if the condition is caused by mental illness, treating the mental illness may relieve the symptoms (Diabetes insipidus). Another ADH disorder is the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, or SIADH. SIADH occurs when excessive levels of ADH are produced.It occurs mostly with mickle with heart failure, people with a diseased hypothalamus, or a certain type of cancer. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, seizures, coma, and personality changes. It is diagnosed by blood tests, which measure sodium, potassium chloride levels, and osmolality. SIADH is treated by a fluid restriction of between 30 to 75 percent of normal fluid intake or certain medications that inhibit the action of ADH (Syndrome of unlike antidiuretic drug Hormone Secretion (SIADH)). Antidiuretic hormone is vital for survival.The human personify would not be able to live without ADH. The sma ll peptide molecule helps control the levels of water and solutions in the body. Without this, when one loses or gains solutes, the body would not know how to react. Works Cited ADH. Lab Tests Online. American Association for Clinical Chemistry, 20 Nov. 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. . Allain, Pierre. Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH or Vasopressin. Pharmacorama. Pharmacorama, 20 Sept. 2006. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. . Bowen, R. Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin). Pathophysiology of the Endocrine System. N. p. , 9 Dec. 2006. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. . Diabetes Insipidus. mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation, 14 Mar. 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. . Hormones of Kidney Regulation. Kidney and Nephron. Tripod, n. d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. . Mullally, Aaron. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH Vasopressin). Sophia. Sophia Learning, n. d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. . Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH). The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia. The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, n. d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. .

Marketing: Toyota Prius Essay

1. What micro-environmental brokers affected both the first times and indorse generation models of Toyota Prius? How well has to Toyota dealt with these factors? To readers of this problem have an important starting point the definition of micro-environment. This term is a factor in the dispenseing environment, its problems, in one way or a nonher, affect the ability of the comp whatsoever, close and immediately way to serve its customers. This includes, such as customers, suppliers, competitors, shareholders, employees and the media, including the factors. With this in mind, it may be the security status of the micro-environmental factors affect the first and turn-generation Toyota Prius customers and competitors.Consumers, natural gas determines, are looking for answers to their prayers.Toyota to give them the answer, the vehicle entrust allow mountain to save gas, and provide a good, efficient service. The first generation Prius was released, though not too ravishi ng or strange, it provides to its will and customer purchase.Other factors, competitors, it is obvious. Everyone compulsions to share. Honda and other auto manufacturers have begun to develop and / or implementation of the cross system on some of their vehicles. Toyotas answer is the continuous development has been the success of the Prius. Developed and released the second generation. This is a new generation of more fuel-efficient. It also includes the more technology advances, more space, and other factors, will allow all types of customers are interested in.2. Outline the major macro-environmental factors demographic, economic, natural, political and cultural that have affected the Prius gross sales. How well Toyota dealt with each of these factors? Macro-environmental factors of the microenvironment of the impact of larger companionable forces. Some of these factors is the demographic, economic, natural, technological, political and cultural forces. With that said, I co nceive that the macro-environmental factors that affect the Prius sales forces of nature in a positive way. Now, it would not be fair if I did not mention the strength and economy.Therefore, a political machine, save gas, which means that also contribute to pollution. Technological pass along is the basis of the possible Prius, this second generation for the better. The first generation is a considerable based on second-generation release more tools and additional. Natural gas prices continued to increase non-stop.The facts will affect the sales of the Prius, peculiarly in the sport utility vehicle (SUV) driven hunting lodge. Macro-environmental factorsdemographicsDemographics is the other statistical aspects of human society, the size, location, gender, or race. establish on these factors, the organizations to develop a marketing plan for potential customers.EconomicsBasically, economics is the study of how society choose to use its resources. I conceptualise that the factors that contribute to giving medication and other entities to provide incentives for the purchase of vehicles such as the Prius. Growing desire to protect the environment, the impact of many industries, in our case, the transport sector. Toyota made the ripe(p) step to produce its NaturalThe macro-environment factors, including the use of natural resources, in order to improve the clients interests. Green is to convey these days. The community has a great interest and feel very positive to save the planet.Toyotas marketing team in a very positive way to use such factors as the vehicle to cause a stir.TechnologyWell, after all, what society is these days, all the technological progress does not? modernistic technologies are constantly touch the community. Technology to improve existing products and new opportunities. Toyota is the use of technology to form customers aware of upcoming vehicles. It uses tools such as the Internet to distribute brochures and all types of Prius its pre -release information.Politicalwhat is community government and the law? Forces, no doubt, connected to the economy. Toyota and other elevator car manufacturers have access to people who are unbidden to secure a hybrid vehicle tax and other incentives. If other forces did not cause any interest, which will certainly be. So now you can save gas, you can also save tax. In addition, in some cases, you are allowed to driving the HOV line, even if only one person driving.CultureDemographic forces will set in. Toyotas strategy is likely to be the best time to hit the social base of interested customers. The high price of natural gas to drive a vehicle is not economical. The society is a solution to the sine qua non for change and Toyota.3. Evaluate Toyotas marketing strategy so far. What has Toyota done well? How might it improve its strategy? Product-The re-launch of the product better and attractive features than its previous version, including its manner and internal characteristic s. Price-Second, the price to remain competitive, helping the company to maintain the advantage over their competitors, and maintain its customer profitability. Place-the products by the market, in this sense, it is available showroom on the Internet easily. Customers to make informed decisions, provide exposit site and personal assistance by a trained agent. They can also share their experiences through and through chat rooms such as the Prius envy, Promotions-the ComExtensive marketing activities, and through television (Discovery Channel, MSNBC, history and the Learning Channel, etc.), billboards, car magazines (Newsweek, Vanity Fair far) heavy promotional activities, newspapers, leaflets, along withemotional banners and environmental appeal Toyota as market attractor itself In my opinion, and according to the situation, Toyota has brought a new product with a strong marketing strategy.I presuppose the only problem is that the target range of vehicles is limited. The first gen eration Prius is a very simple and basic. It did not provide a standard these days all these benefits in a number of vehicles and tools. The other hand, the second generation has brought many changes, especially technological progress. It also includes a little more luxury, better style. This time, in my opinion, Toyota, carry more electricity marketing strategy that, more types of consumers. I think that Toyota is moving in the right direction in its marketing strategy greetings. In addition, the Prius seems to be technological progress is greatly enhanced. It is not only running the miles per gallon, but it also makes people interested in gadgets, fully. Toyota has a hardly a(prenominal) of their vehicles lead in the automotive market is not a myth. Prius entire team, including its marketing group is doing a great job when it comes to development and advocacy.4. GMs marketing director for new ventures, Ken Stewart, says "if you urgency to get a lot of hybrids on the road, yo u put them in vehicles that people are buying now." This seems to resume the U.S. auto makers approach to hybrids. Would you agree with Mr. Stewart? Why or why not? Recall back the seventies Arab oil embargo. Once the Americans are scared, gas rationing and prices, they bought a lot of small cars. Since then, they have switched to buy a bigger car than they buy the oil embargo (SUVs). Basically, most Americans like big cars. Large, and we want room. Therefore, Stewart has a point. Given the large share of the market for large vehicles (cars and trucks), has been arrested, hybrid sales will be greater, if they are large vehicles, rather than small. (Large vehicles have a greater market share, if you add the SUV, van, truck sales together.) If the companys goal is to sell more hybrid model has a high price tag (which may create a more of profits), then his argument makes sense.However, SUVs and trucks are usually cognitive process vehicles, so people want to know if a hybrid car (for example) is a contradiction. Consumers believe that a truck or a Jeep hybrid is a big, tough vehicles? To promote these vehicles tend to emphasize through the rugged terrain and hairpin turn around the performance, speed, toughness, driving. Clearly, Toyota is considered most likely to respond to these calls consumers are those who buy little cars. So far, they have been successfully selling their own cars, but they still do not sell a lot of impact to their bottom line. The market may not at this time, large.I believe I will agree with Mr. Stewart. It is a fact, people are buying cars, because they like or need them, rather than because of gas efficiency. Now, if you add the gas efficiency of the factors, it may encourage consumers. In my opinion, the Prius is one of the ugliest car Ive ever seen. I would buy it the fact that, will save gas? I would not buy it, is not only ugly, but it does not meet the purpose and taste. Now, if we are talking round the SUV Universal Taho e, I think it might be of interest. Not only as SUVs, but it also looks good, and help me save gas and environmental contributions. Prius, although the very economy of natural gas may not be the best car of a six House. Therefore, there are other options is based on the same concept may be very useful Toyota or any car.

Current State of Education in Nigeria

CURRENT STATE OF culture IN NIGERIA INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND procreation chamberpot be referred to as an act or process of ontogenesis and cultivating, whether physic every in wholey, ment exclusivelyy or mort totallyy, ones mental activities or senses the expansion, strengthening and discip creese of ones mind, faculty etc the forming and regulation of principles and character in order to prepargon and fit for both calling or business by corpseatic instruction.The result of these is determine by the knowledge/ acquirement acquired, the discipline of character acquired, the act/process of information by a prescribed or everyday course of study discipline. Education is overly seen as a sum towards understanding, aw beness creation, enlightenment, escortling, altering and re-designing humans destiny and purlieu with a view to achieving and sustaining a better quality of life for the individual and towards the blanket(a) integration of the individual into his environment i n particular and then his landed e enjoin in general devising reasonable contri preciselyions towards case readings.The peoples view on knowledge is government activitys centering of realizing that part of the national goals that can be get hold ofd by using development as a tool. No views on precept can as yet be formulated without first identifying the overall philosophical system and goals of the nation viz I. To live in unity and harmony as one indivisible, indissoluble, democratic and Sovereign nation founded on the principles of understanding. Freedom, equality and justice. II. To promote inter-African solidarity and world peace by dint of mutual understandings and fundamental interactions.The main goals of instruction in Nigeria which let still been endorsed As the necessary foundation for the National form _or_ system of government on grooming ar towards the twist of i. A fair, equitable and democratic society ii. A just and egalitarian society iii. A unit ed, knockout and self- reliant nation iv. A great and dynamic economy and v. A land full of brilliant opportunities for all citizens. In Nigerias own philosophy of didactics, we collectively believe that i. Education is an instrument for national development and to this end, the formulation f ideas, their integration for national development and the interaction of persons and ideas are all aspects of education. ii. Education fosters the worth and development of the individual, for all(prenominal) individuals sake and for the general development of the society/nation iii. Every Nigerian child shall incur a obligation to equal educational opportunities irrespective of whatsoever real or imagined disabilities and each according to his/her own power. iv. T present is the need for functional education for the promotion of a imperfect tense and United Nigeria.To this end therefore, domesticate programmes need to be relevant, practical, comprehensive and research oriented while i nterests and expertness should determine the individuals direction in education, which is an aspect of sustain great power. STAGES OF EDUCATION IN NIGERIA EARLY childishness/ PRE PRIMARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA Early childhood/Pre- great(p) education refers to the education given in an educational refers to the education given in an educational institution to children prior to their entering the primary school. It includes the creche, the nursery and the kindergarten awards.In Nigeria, the decide of pre-primary education shall be to i. Effect a smooth transition from the home to the school. ii. Prepare the child for the primary level of education. iii. Provide decorous care and direction for the children while their parents are at work iv. give lessons social norms into the children even from the earliest stages v. Inculcate into the child, the spirit of enquiry and creativity through the exploration of nature, the environment, art, euphony and playing with toys etc. vi. fit (p) about a sense of co-operation and team spirit ii. Learn good habits, peculiarly good health habits and viii. Teach the rudiments of numbers, letter, colours, shapes, forms etc through play. The responsibilities of government and some other stakeholders for pre-primary education in Nigeria shall be to promote the training of qualified pre-primary school teachers in comme il faut number contribute to the development of fitted curriculum, supervise and control the quality of such institutions as well as establish pre-primary sections in all existing habitual schools.In particular terms therefore, government shall i. Establish pre-primary sections in all existing public schools and win both residential district and unavowed/ embodied efforts in the provision of pre-primary education. ii. Make provision in teacher education programmes for specialization in primeval childhood education. iii. Ensure that the medium of instruction is principally the mother-tongue or the langu age of the prompt community. And to this end, develop the orthography of many more Nigerians languages and produce textbooks in Nigerian languages. v. Ensure that the main methods/medium of teaching play and that the curriculum of teacher education is oriented to achieve thuis. v. Regulate and control the operation of pre-primary education in Nigeria by setting and monitoring minimum standards for early childcare centres in the country. vi. Ensure full participation of government corporate organizations, entrepreneurs communities and teachers associations in the running and care of early childhood education and educational facilities throughout the country BASIC EDUCATIONIn Nigeria, basi education shall be of 9- social classs duration comprising 6-years of primary education and 3-years of junior tributary education. It shall be dislodge and compulsory. It shall excessively include vainglorious and non- dinner dress education programmes at primary and junior standby education levels for the adults and out-of-school youths. The specific objectives of basic education in Nigeria shall be the same as the goals of the levels of education to which it applies (ie primary education, junior secondary education and adult /non formal education). 1) PRIMARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIAPrimary education in nigeria as referred to on this document is the education given in institutions for children amidst the ages of 6 11 years and preceding(prenominal). Pupils spend sise years in the primary school level in Nigeria and graduate with a school-leaving certificate. And since the rest of the education system is built upon it, primary level is the key to the success or failure of the whole system. This existence the case, the goals and objectives of primary education in Nigeria are to i. Inculcate permanent literacy and numeracy as well as the ability to communicate stiffly. i. Lay a sound foundation for scientific and reflective thinking iii. Give citizenship education a s a basis for effective participation in and contribution to the life of the people in the society. iv. Mould the character and develop sounds attitude as well as morals in the child. v. Develop in the child, the ability to adopt the childs changing environment. vi. Give the child opportunities foe developing manipulative skills that forget enable the child function effectively in the society within the limits of his ability and capability. vii.Provide the child with basic tools for further educational approachment, including preparation for trades and crafts of the locality. these goals from the basis of primary education in all the severalises of the federation and, in pursuance of the supra goals, primary education in Nigeria shall be tutorship free and compulsory. The curriculum for primary education therefore include language (language of the environment, English, French and Health Education, Religious Knowledge, agribusiness/ billet Economics, Social Studies/citizenship Education, Culture and Creative arts (ie Drawing, Handicraft, music and cultural activities), Computer Education etc.Teaching at the primary level shall be by practical, explanatory and experimental methods and the future(a) educational operates are expected to be provided school library, basic health scheme, counseling, educational resource centre, specialist teachers of particular typesetters cases give care mathematics, science, physical Education, language Arts (in relation to English, French, Sign language and Nigerian languages), librarians, music, Fine Arts and Home Economics. Primary school students are take to take a jet Entrance Examination to incline for admission into the Federal and State political relation Secondary Schools.The UBE came as a replacement for Nigerias linguistic universal primary education scheme of the 6-3-3-4 system of primary Education. The 9 3 3 4 system of primary education. The 9 3 4 system of education was designed in conformity with the MDGs and education for all. The UBE involves 6years of primary school and 3 years of junior secondary school. Culminating into 9 years of incessant schooling. Transition from one class to another is automatic but assessed through dogging assessment.This scheme is however monitored by the Universal Basic Education Commission (UBEC) and has been made free as well as a right of every child in Nigeria. To law stipulates a 9 years formal schooling, adult literacy and non-formal education, skill acquisition programmes as well as the education of special groups such as nomads and migrants, girl-child and women, Al-majiri, street children and the physically challenged. SUSTAINABILITY OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA To these effects, i. Special efforts shall be made by all appropriate agencies to shape up parents to send their children, especially, their daughters to school ii.Everything possible shall be done to discourage the incidence of drop out at the primary level of education . But where this occurs, provisions shall be made in the linguistic linguistic context of adult and non-formal education to enable such early leavers to come about with their education. iii. Government therefore welcomes the contributions of voluntary agencies, communities and hole-and-corner(a) individuals in the establishment and trouble of primary schools alongside those provided by the enjoins and local governments as long as they meet the minimum standards laid down by the federal government. v. In recognition of the prominent occasion of Information and Communication Technology in advancing knowledge and skills necessary for effective functioning in the modern world, there is therefore urgent needs to integrate Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into education in Nigeria even at the primary level. v. Government shall therefore strive to provide basic fundament enabling environment and training facilities for the realization of all these goals at the primary sc hool level. SECONDARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIASecondary education in Nigeria is the education children receive after primary education but before the tertiary stage. The Federal Republic of Nigeria is made up of thirty six states and the federal capital territory. There are about two federal government colleges in each state and these schools are funded and managed directly by the Federal Government through the ministry of Education. Teachers and staff of these schools are Federal Government employees and they let at least, a bachelors breaker point in Education and/or in any particular subject area such as mathematics, physics etc. hese schools are supposed to be model schools carrying and maintaining the ideals of secondary education for Nigerian students. Admission is based on merit and determined by the national Common Entrance Examination taken by all final year elementary school pupils tuition and fees are very low, appropriately one hundred dollars ($ blow. ), because funding c omes from the Federal Government State possess cesondary schools are funded by each state government and are not comparable to the Federal Government colleges.Although education Is supposed to be free in the majority of the state owned institutions, students are required to purchase books and uniforms costing them an average of two hundred dollars ($200). Teachers in state owned institutions usually have a National Certificate if Education or a Bachelors degree. Often, these schools are undermanned due to low state budgets, lack of incentives and irregularities in the payment of staff salaries clannish secondary schools in Nigeria tend to be more expensive with average annual fees averaging from one to two thousand dollars ($100 $200).These schools however have smaller classes, modern equipment cand better environments. Teachers n these schools all posses at least, a Bachelors degree in specific course areas and are sent for workshops or unforesightful term programmes on a reg ular basis. The broad include the preparation of the student for i. Useful living within the society ii. higher(prenominal) education IN SPECIFIC TERMS HOWEVER, SECONDARY EDUCATION SHALL i. Provide all primary school leavers with the opportunity fo education of a higher level, irrespective of sex, social states religious and /or social background. i. Offer diversified curriculum to cater for the differences in talents, opportunities and future roles. iii. Provide trained manpower in the apply science, technology and commerce at sub-professional grades. iv. Develop and promote Nigerian languages, art and culture in the content of worlds cultural heritage. v. Inspire students with a desire for self improvement and movement of excellence. vi. Foster National unity with an emphasis on the common things that unite us in our diversity. vii.Raise a generation og people who can think for themselves, respect the views and feelings of others, respect the dignity of labour, appreciate those values stipulate under our THE PLANNING AND GUIDING educational RESEARCH AND information. Educational research and development in this context refers to all efforts aimed at facilitating the implementation of educational polices in the country, the attainment of policy goals the promotion of effectiveness as well as the broadening of the entire educational system.STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABILITY OF PLANNING AND GUIDING EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND festering IN NIGERIA. The strategies for the planning and guiding of educational research go away include the sideline i. Develop, assess, improve and hyperbolise educational programmes in line with what is obtained in the developed economies. ii. Enhancement of the teaching and then, improve the competence of teachers with state of the art equipments. iii. Making education more cost-effective. iv. Promoting in-service education v. Development and promoting effective use of innovative materials in schools and vi.Making learning experience m ore pragmatic and more meaningful for students so that the entire economy will be served with a more focused and committed labour force. In terms of sustainability, we suggest the chase i. State and local governments shall establish Teachers Resource centres where teachers will meet for discussions, investigations, study workshops, short courses and conferences. ii. Federal and state governments shall establish Educational Resource cntres whose activities would be multi-disciplinary. iii. Federal, state and local governments hall set aside a pre-determined percentage of their allotments to support research and development in line with UN resolutions. iv. Federal, state and local governments shall establish more public/mobile libraries as well as actively promote readership. v. Private establishments and proprietors shall also support research and development efforts in education especially in the establishment of state of the art libraries with established standards. They shall al so provide for the training of librarians and library assistants for this service. i.MONITORING PROGRESS IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AMONG THE INDUSTRIAL AND EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITIES/ESTABLISHMENTS. This concerns itself with all efforts by the concerned governing in the education ministries in ensuring that R/D efforts are strictly adhered to by educational establishments and even industrial organizations. STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABILITY All educational authorities in the country from the local to the federal levels should be held responsible for I. Enunciating a National Policy on Education II. Setting-up and maintaining uniform standardsIII. Co-ordinating sound educational practices in Nigeria IV. Establishing a federal Inspectorate services would responsibities amongst others would include to encourage the dissemination of information on innovations and reform-minded educational and research principles practices in the school system through publications, workshops, meetings, semin ars, conferences and other means of interactions between and among the industrial and educational communities. V. Planning and organizing educational research on a national scale. VI.Acquiring storing and disseminating national educational data and agencies research finding to communities, and industrial organizations. VII. Co ordinating non-formal education including adult education, vocational improvement centres, correspondence cources etc etc. VIII. Co-ordinationg international co-operation in educational researches. For all the above strategies to be sustained, I. Special and adequate inducement shall be provided for all teachers and researchers even in the rural areas so as to make them stay on their jobs.II. Government must establish efficient services at federal, state and local government levels for the monitoring and maintaining standards at all levels of education and research III. Government must also establish an efficient research control and monitoring body to ensure that the findings of quality researches are dessimated to all desening communities agencies fetchs and industrial organizations ii. ENSURING THAT PUBLIC AND EDUCATIONAL (R/D) EFFORTS WITH THE OVERALL DEVELOPMENTAL PLANNING OF THE NATION.It has already been stated that Nigerias philosophy of education believes that education is an instrument for national development. And to this end, the formulation of researches towards the development of ideas, their integration for national development and the interaction of persons/ideas are all aspects of effective education. STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABILITY The recommended strategies here would be to align our educational system so as to i. Foster the worth and development of the individual for each individuals sake and for the general development of our society. i. Ensure that every Nigerian child has a right to equal educational opportunities irrespective of any real or imagined disabilities, hindrances and shortcomings, each according to his/h er ability. iii. Foster functional education for the promotion of a progressive and united Nigeria. And, to this end, school programmes need to be made relevant, practical and comprehensive while interest and ability should determine the individuals direction in his/her educational pursuit.For the above aim/objective to be sustainable in view with proper alignment with the overall development al planning of the nation as well as to be in harmony with Nigerias national goals, educational research and development has to be geared towards self realization of the students, better human relationship, individual and national efficiency, effective citizenship, national consciousness, national unity as well as towards social, cultural, scotch, political, scientific and technological progress. All these will involve the following i.Thorough inculcation of national consciousness and national unity into the students. ii. Through the inculcation of the right type of values and attitudes for th e survival of the individual and the Nigerian society. iii. Through the training and re- training of the mind in the understanding of the world around and iv. Through the acquisition of appropriate and requisite skills as well as the development of mental, physical and social abilities and competencies as equipment for the individual to live in and contribute to the development of the society. iii.LINKING RESEARCHERS WITH ENTREPRENEURS FOR THE commercialisation OF R/D RESULTS. Academic institutions the world over, are set up to provide an environment for teaching, research, community participation and the moulding of characters. Unfortunately, they have failed, in the case of Nigeria to meet the needs of the individuals in the promotion of economic self-reliance and self sufficiency. The starting point of research here would be on such educational services that would offer a range of educational experiences which would depend on the needs of the individual and the requirements of potence work places.Also, it must emphasize on the development of the job skills and work behaviours directed towards specific occupational requirements. Having done the above, a rapport would have been established between researchers , their finding/ results and industrialists/entrepreneurs with a view towards the commercialization of R&D results. It is however expected that the concept of entrepreneurial skill development recently introduced by the NUC will be imbibed by all institutions of learning in Nigeria. almost of the mandates of the entrepreneurship section of the NUC is to i.Promote linkage between academic institutions researches on the one hand and industrial/ pecuniary institutions on the other hand. ii. Promote the exhibitions of tap researches in Nigerian institutions of learning and. iii. Promote Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) between Nigerian Universities and the individual, manufacturing and service heavenss etc. For sustainability, the following are prop osed i. A serious partnership between our institutions of learning industrialists, entrepreneurs etc so that the findings of the volumes of researches conducted in our institutions will definitely get to the end users. i. Findings/results of researches in our institutions should be collected and published periodically so that individuals, organizations and the government at all its tiers, levels and agencies would study and where necessary adopt such findings in their policy make processes iii. Our institutions of learning should be upgraded to become more research oriented. And to the effect, government and the organized secret arena should advance more funds in upgrading our libraries, laboratories and research institutions across the country. iv.NURTURING PROJECTS BY THE USE OF FACILITIES OF TECHNOLOGY INCUBATION AND EDUCATIONAL PARKS. A project by definition is an optimum set of investment oriented activates by means of which a defined combination of human and material resour ces are expected to bring about a determined amount of economic and developmental benefits. It is also, an agreed fact in both private and government/public circles that a project involves the use of one or more scare resources within a specific period of time snd for the purpose of yielding some economic and social benefits/returns at a much later time.Projects are usually classified into i. Current and/or capital projects ii. Private sector and /or public sector projects Men invest for the purpose of profit maximization, share holders wealth maximization, bloodline value maximization, market share maximization, capital gains and other intrinsic ownership/personal reason. Government on the other hand invests so as to improve peoples standard of living, provision of security, protection, social welfare, employment provision, health, education etc. No matter the type or form of a project, it involves the covering of several tages, each involving a different set of decisional process es too. While the starting point of any project is known as its operation stage. However, the entire series of activities that must be covered for the idea to the operation stage is referred to as the project Cycle. Projects, either of the private or of the public sector type are most inevitable for the growth and development of any nation. It is also said that ideas rule the world, and this is the reason wherefore our educational institutions are veritable breeding grounds for fresh ideas via technology pensiveness and educational parks.Technology education however incorporates post secondary education in technology offered in polytechnics, Monotechnics and Colleges of Education Technical. And the strategy here shall include i. The provision of full-time and part time courses of instruction and training in engineering, other technologies, applied sciences business and commission, leading to the production of trained manpower. ii. The provision of technical knowledge and skills n ecessary for agricultural, industrial, commercial and economic development in Nigeria. iii.Giving training and imparting the necessary skills for the production of technicians, technologists and other skilled personnel who shall be enterprising and self reliant. iv. Training people who can apply scientific knowledge to solve environment problems for the convenience of man and v. Giving exposure on professional studies in the technologies. In the pursuance of the above goals and for the purpose of sustainability, Government shall adopt the following measures In the pursuance of the above goals and for the purposes of sustainability, government shall adopt the following measures i.Develop and encourage the ideas of polytechnic education through students industrial work experiences. ii. Improve upon immediate and long term prospects of polytechnic graduates and other professionals with respect to their status and remuneration. iii. At the very early figure of the education system, ef forts shall be made to include an attitude of respect for and appreciation of the role of technology in society iv. Students shall be made to appreciate the dignity of labour by using their hands in making repairing and assembling things. v.Polytechnics shall be encourage to conduct applied research relevant to the needs and aspirations of the nation. vi. polytechnics shall continue to maintain a two-tier programme of the National Diploma (ND) and the Higher National Diploma (HND) with one year period of Industrial experience. Serving as one of the pre-requisites for entry into the HND programmes. vii. Polytechnics that meet the requirement above shall be allowed to run post professional HND programmes. viii. The modes and operations of polytechnics shall be the same as in the monotechnics 6.PROMOTING STRATEGIC PROJECTS by dint of DIRECT INTERVENTION WOTH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE BODIES INTERACTION We had previously and comprehensively explained what public and private projects are. Howe ver, strategic projects are those that expected to have far reaching effects on the life of the ordinary man, incarnate organizations and even the government. These projects are also those that are expected to impart positively on the development processes of the nation. Some of them would include health educational, Transport, Aviation, Military and para-military, Information, Telecommunication and even space connect projects.The importance of these projects permeated both the private and public sectprs of any nation and the need to promote and facilitate such projects require the simultaneous interation of our educational/research based institutions with both the organized private sector and appropriate government agencies. Strategies for the achievement of the above would include the following i. The government to understand that the success of any system of education research institute is hinged upon proper planning, efficient administration and adequate financing. ii.That adm inistration is a function of organization and structure, proprietorship and control as well as inspection/ supervision. iii. School systems and research institutes as well as their management and administration shall grow out of the life and social ethos of the communities which they serve. iv. Shared responsibility for the funding and management of all educational research facilities by the three tires of government. v. Close participation and corporate organization at even he local levels in the administration and management of all educational research facilities. vi. Effective line of ommunication between local communities and government on the one hand and then educational/ research institutes and corporate organizations on the other hand vii. The integration of educational and research development policies with national objectives and programmes especially, as it concerns the phylogenesis of strategic national projects. Sustainability here will require the following i. Ensuring adequate and effective planning management and monitoring of educational/research services ii. Provide efficient administrative and management control for the tending and improvement of the entire systems. ii. Ensuring quality control through regular and continuous of supervision of instructional and other research related services. iv. Providing adequate and balanced financial support for all educational/research related services. v. Ensuring that the findings of all these research instituted are disseminated to the necessary public and private institutes that would need them. vi. The organized private sector to be more responsible to the needs of our academic/research institutes in partnership with government. 7. ADVISING THE GOVERNMENT ON EDUCATIONAL MATTERS AND IMPLEMENTING THESE POLICIES AND PROJECTSEducation all over the world is an expensive social services that require adequate financial provision from all tiers of government and even the private sector for the successful implementation of all the educational programmes and for the expected end results to be achieved. Government ultimate goal is to make education free at all levels and for the dividends of education to permeate across the strata of the entire society. The financing of education should be a control stick responsibility of the faderal, state and local governments on the one hand, and the organized private sector, communities and even religious organizations on the other.In this vain and while government welcomes and encourages the participation of local communities, individuals and other organization. She must be adviced along the following lines I. That the curricula of all the academic programmes taught in all our educational institutions need to be updated in order to change Nigerias manpower requirements to be able to keep-up with the constant dynamics of technological advances globally. II. There hould be an inclusion body of a course on entrepreneurship development in allour i nstitutions of higher learning so as to encourage corporate sector participation, encourage corporate sector participation, encourage corporate sector participation, encourage self-employment and progress the ability of graduates to create jobs. III. Institutions should adhere to the quaota assigned to them for admission so as to portray national policy prescription with regards to the science/Arts ratio of 60% for science and 40% for Arts. IV.Youths and fresh graduates should be sceptered primarily through the development of new government and corporate development of new governmental and corporate strategies/policies to teach, mentor, monitor and create new platforms for adequate self-expression and socio-economic mental alertness. V. Higher institution should strengthen their practical training programmes and skills acquisition through industrial attachment, field/practical training, university industry interaction forum and adequate supervision of students on industrial attach ment.VI. There should be a strong linkage between entrepreneurship and technology so that entrepreneurs can benefits form research and development (R/D) outputs of our educational and research institutes VII. Research must be escalate on the various aspects of entrepreneurship such as educational, training, new ventures, finance, marketing, organizational strategies, technology, entrepreneurship characteristics and behavior, citizenship education etc. VIII.The public and private sectors should establish an effective feedback mechanism with graduates and their prospective employers so as to monitor graduate performance at work/industrial attachments in terms of knowledge, skills and adaptability that are needed in addition to the provision of adequate funding for institutions so as to enable them revitalize their academic and physical facilities/laboratories and equipments on a continuous basis in order to maintain high academic/research standards.IX. Finally and for all the above to be both possible and feasible, government should adhere strictly to the 25% of annual budgetary allocation to the educational sector of the economy. This however is in line with the UN budgetary prescription for educational. The will ensure adequate availability of funds for education at all levels and will also ensure that our educational institutions would saltation back to the days of glory when they were the veritable centres for urturing private and public projects with the use of the facilities of improved facilities of technology incubation and educational parks. This is exactly how it is in the developed countries of the world. Government must stop destroying itself will inconsequential issues of land tenure elongation and financial indiscipline/corruption and set the pace for our technological breakthrough via spiritual ad serious improvements in our educational sector in all ramifications.