Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication

sexuality Differences in Non literal CommunicationThe Gender Differences in non literal CommunicationAbstr promptIntroductionAim/ Purpose openingParticipantsProcedureResults cultureReferencesAbstractThis research will attempt to foot race the hypothesis whether there is gender difference in do of non verbal talk in the midst of male and womanly with intent of gestures. The participants were 47 males and 26 females, individuals comprising of 20 males and 20 females, categorized separately, on the whole above the age of 21.The Individuals were all prove in a affable measure executeting fit(p) in downtown San Jose. The participants were amid the ages of 21 and 40, this is just an approximation beca implework forcet the participants were non approached or inquired.For the train of this teach, nonverbal colloquy was defined as communication former(a) than create verbally or spoken, such(prenominal) as hap gestures. mickle gestures were only put down when there was a definite distinction amongst the end of ane gesture and the beginning of some other. The difference in the flirt with of give way gestures use by custody (M=2.85, SD=3.18) and the mean summate of buy the farm gestures used by women (M= 6.9, SD=6.24) was statistically probatory t(38)=2.59, p 0.05, two tailed. The information store did support our hypothesis that women would use much than get hold of gestures than men. There is a significant difference in the number of hand gestures used by women and men.IntroductionAccording to Briton and Hall (2005), in a actually general sense, non-verbal communication simply includes all forms of communication, which argon not achieved stringently with the use of words or other symbols that perform the very(prenominal) task as words. This has been emphasized by Semnani-Azad, Adair, (2011), who reiterate that this is simply not a reference to our behavior (although, of course, some mountain do act akin animals). It is a re ference to the fact that humans are biological creatures, as much as crocodiles, cougars, and capybara (Semnani-Azad, Adair, 2011). We are the product of millions of years of evolution, our physical make-up changing to make us fitter to delay and reproduce.Aim/ PurposeThis Essay will attempt to analyse whether a gender difference outlive in use of verbal communication between male and female this can contribute towards soul the literature roughly the elements of non verbal communication. Although humans are animals, we also have something that no other animal has the most complex social structure on Earth (Eriksson, et al., 2012). We gather in families, tribes, clans, and nations. We have an incredibly sophisticated rule of interacting speech. We can communicate over time and distance through feeling and broadcasting. Our memories are the longest, our interactions the most intricate, our perception of the world simultaneously the broadest and most lucubrate (Semnani-Azad, Adair, 2011).The difference between humans and other animals is that, unlike every other animal (as far as we know), we can and do consciously react or alter our response to a stimulus (Keogh, 2014). The greatest lesson lies in the existence of amusement parks, where people deliberately subject themselves to stimuli that any other creature on earth would go to great lengths to lift ( cutting edge Beek, Van Dolderen, Dubas, 2006). Imagine, if you can, the reaction of a dog to a roller coaster. If it did not leap out at the first movement, it would cringe in fag of the car until it probably had a heart attack.Regardless of the occasional line of business disputes, non-verbal communication occurs within the same basic framework (i.e. output, transmission and input, to take thousands of pages into three words) as does communication, which is dependent on discrete symbols such as words (Keogh, 2014).Mehrabian found that, on average, words contributed 7% of the thoroughgoing twi st on this assessment, while tone of voice and opthalmic clues contributed 38% and 55% respectively. These three aspects of communication are sometimes referred to as verbal, vocal and visual (or the three Vs).It is not always immediately obvious whether an instance of communication should be considered verbal or non-verbal (Caspi, Chajut, Saporta, 2008). Some gestures have agreed gists which are at least as precise as those of some words. Perhaps, like writing and signing, specific gestures should be considered as verbal communication via the visual input. By the same token, a word which is screamed loudly and harshly could be thought of as non-verbal communication via the auditory input especially if its meaning did not fit the context (Eriksson, et al., 2012).another(prenominal) way of looking at this issue is to consider whether the meaning is explicit (precisely defined) or implicit (imprecisely evoked). speech are usually explicit, and gestures are usually implicit. Howe ver, in the above examples, the gestures were examples of mostly explicit communication, and the screamed word was an example of largely implicit communication.Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication has always been an important skill that all people should develop. Previous studies have hinted at the idea that men and women communicate differently. Spangler, (1995) suggested that women break away to be recrudesce at using and decoding nonverbal communication cues, especially facial express mailions. In a stereotypical beliefs study by Caspi, Chajut, and Saporta, (2008), it was suggested that women were believed to use the face and hands to express their ideas more than men. While another study by Schmid, Schmid Mast, Bombari, and Mast, (2011) suggested that women are believed to employ more expressive and collect more nonverbal communication than men, and that they are more skilled at sending and receiving nonverbal messages.TheoryNonverbal communication represents two- thirds of all communication. Nonverbal communication can portray a message both verbally and with the correct body signals. Body signals comprise physical features, conscious and unconscious(p) gestures and signals, and the mediation of personal space .The wrong message can be established if the body language conveyed does not match a verbal message. In this research, women are more likely than men to discern stain from opposite-gender str angers as unpleasant and an invasion of privacy. Moreover, the more women perceive a point as sexual from a male stranger, the less they perceive the key signature as warm and friendly whereas, the more men perceive a touch as sexual from a female stranger, the more they perceive it as warm, pleasant, and friendly (for a review, see Hertenstein et al. 2006b).In the present study, we tested predictions regarding gender differences in the accuracy with which individuals can communicate distinct emotions through touch in human communication, rel ying on previously published data (Hertenstein et al. 2006). This study included the requisite four different dyad groups (encoder-decoder) femalefemale, femalemale, malemale, and malefemale. Overall accuracy across 12 emotions did not vary by gender, as reported in the reliable article. However, gender differences were not analyzed for each emotion separately. These aggregate analyses curb the inferences that could be make regarding gender differences in the communication of emotion via touch. In the present study, we analyzed each of the emotions separately focusing on two emotions that evolutionary and social role accounts both suggest should vary by gender discernment and anger. We also focused on happiness, an emotion that has shown reproducible gender differences (e.g., LaFrance et al 2003).Researchers have documented empirical support for such stereotypes (Brody and Hall 2000) women report experiencing more happiness than men (Brody 1993) and they smile more than men (Hal l et al. 2002 LaFrance et al. 2003). Predicated upon theory and the empirical work demonstrating that women experience and express more positive emotionality than men, we predicted that dyads comprised solely of females would communicate happiness with touch at above- get levels.In summary, based on theoretical and empirical evidence reviewed above, we made predictions regarding three different emotions sympathy, anger, and happiness. More specifically, we predicted that when females are in an experimental dyad, sympathy will be decoded at above-chance levels. We also predicted that dyads involving males would accurately communicate anger with touch. Finally, we predicted that dyads comprised solely of females would accurately communicate happiness with touch.ParticipantsThe participants were 47 males and 26 females, individuals comprising of 20 males and 20 females, categorized separately, all above the age of 21.The Individuals were all found in a social bar setting located in dow ntown San Jose. The participants were between the ages of 21 and 40, this is just an approximation because the participants were not approached or inquired. In order to further investigate the idea that women have go bad communication skills than men, my partner and I constructed a study where 40 participants were discovered. xx men and 20 women who were in a bar setting were notice for 2 minutes each. While the individuals were engaged in a conversation, the two-minute horologe was set and the amount of times hand gestures used were tallied. We hypothesized that because women have remediate communication skills than men, that women will have a higher average use of hand gestures than men.ProcedureWhile in a highly social setting, 36 males and 26 females were identified and observed. As the observers we identified the male or female participant and set our timers for two minutes. Making our observation as discreet as possible, every use of nonverbalCommunication was recorded. For the purpose of this study, nonverbal communication was defined as communication other than written or spoken, such as hand gestures. Hand gestures were only recorded when there was a definite distinction between the end of one gesture and the beginning of another.The chi-square (pronounced kai) dispersal is the most commonly used regularity of comparing proportions. It is symbolized by the Greek letter chi or c 2). This test makes it possible to restrict whether the difference exists between two groups and their sense of taste or likelihood of doing something is real or just a chance occurrence. In other words, it dos whether a relationship or association exists between being in one of the two groups and the behavior or attribute under study. If in a survey of 692 respondents, we asked whether or not they are interested go to attractions and events that deal with history and heritage during their vacation, and we wanted to determine whether there is a difference in how m en and women respond to this question, we could weigh a chi-square.C 2 determines the differences between the observed (fo) and expected frequencies (fe). The observed frequencies are the actual survey results, whereas the expected frequencies refer to the hypothetical distribution based on the overall proportions between the two characteristics if the two groups are alike. For example, if we have the following survey resultsChoose 1 data set and use this data for the research report for NVCDate set 1Observed frequenciesThen we can organise our expected frequencies (fe) based on the proportion of respondents who said yes versus no. It can also be reason for each cell by the row total with the column total divided by the grand totalThis second table, we hypothesized that because women have better communication skills than men, they will have a higher average use of hand gestures than men, also representing the trivial hypothesis or Ho. (Therefore, if a study says that it fails to reject the null hypothesis, it means that no relationship was found to exist between the variables under study.)Hence, the calculation is as followsThe critical value for a level of significance of .05 (or 95% level of confidence, the normal level in this type of research) is 3.841. This means that you are confident that 95% of the distribution waterfall below this critical value. Since our result is above this value, we canReject the null hypothesis that no difference exists between interest in attending historical attractions and events and gender (in other words, there is a difference between genders) andConclude that the differences in the groups are statistically significant (or not collectable to chance)You will not need to memorize all the critical value since computer programs such as SPSS will not only calculate the c 2 values for you, but will also fork out you the precise level of observed significance (known as p value), which in our case is .039. If this level of sig nificance is above the standard .05 level of statistical significance, you are dealing with a statistically significant relationship. Increasing your understanding of non-verbal communication is the first step in improving your own use and comprehension of this vital aspect of interpersonal interaction. In order to determine the difference between the average amount of nonverbal communication used between men and women, my partner and I constructed an observational study where 40 selected participants were observed for 2 minutes each within a bar setting. The sample group of participants consisted of 20 males and 20 females. The study showed that there was a significant difference in the amount of times women use hand gestures in comparison to the amount of times men use hand gesturesResultsThe difference in the mean of hand gestures used by men (M=2.85, SD=3.18) and the mean number of hand gestures used by women (M= 6.9, SD=6.24) was statistically significant t(38)=2.59, p 0.05,tw o tailed.The data collected did support our hypothesis that women would use more hand gestures than men. There is a significant difference in the number of hand gestures used by women and men. We believed that women would use more hand gestures than men because of the stereotype, that women are more social and outgoing than men. Women are also believed to express their feelings more than men, which we believed is connected to the way women communicate and the amount of hand gestures they use.ConclusionI believe that further research in this area would be extremely helpful in analyzing why women are better at expressing themselves. Some of the sampling problems in this study could have been that the individuals being observed may have mild case of Tourettes syndrome that causes to have everlasting movement, that movement could have easily been confused for a hand gesture. Another sampling problem could have been the attempt to grab a befuddle or a straw could have been counted as a hand gesture, when the gesture had nothing to do with communication.ReferencesBriton, N J, Hall, J A (2005). Beliefs about female and male nonverbal communication. Sex Roles A Journal of Research, 32, 79(12). Retrieved November 5, 2008, from grow Academic ASAP Database.Caspi, A., Chajut, E., Saporta, K. (2008). Participation in Class and in Online Discussions Gender Differences.Computers Education,50(3), 718-724.Eriksson, M., Marschik, P. B., Tulviste, T., Almgren, M., Perez Pereira, M., Wehberg, S., Gallego, C. (2012). Differences between Girls and Boys in Emerging diction Skills Evidence from 10 Language Communities.British Journal Of Developmental Psychology,30(2), 326-343.Keogh, E. (2014). Gender differences in the nonverbal communication of inconvenience A new direction for sex, gender, and pain research?.Pain.Schmid, P., Schmid Mast, M., Bombari, D., Mast, F. (2011). Gender effects in Information Processing on a Nonverbal decrypt Task.Sex Roles,65(1/2), 102-107.Sem nani-Azad, Z., Adair, W. L. (2011). The Display of Dominant Nonverbal Cues in Negotiation The Role of gloss and Gender.International Negotiation,16(3), 451-479.Spangler, L. (1995). Gender-Specific Nonverbal Communication Impact for Speaker Effectiveness.Human Resource Development Quarterly,6(4), 409-419.Van Beek, Y., Van Dolderen, M. M., Demon Dubas, J. S. (2006). Gender-Specific Development of Nonverbal Behaviours and Mild Depression in Adolescence.Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry,47(12), 1272-1283.Page 1