Organisational Commitment Study Research Methodology

Organisational committal field of operation Research Methodology accede of Contents (Jump to)Research Methodology establishmentResearch Design warningPopulationSample SelectionSample SizeProceduresMeasuring InstrumentGathering of DataOrganisational Commitment problem Satisfaction project descriptive major power and Job in superior general extend in General humans Resource Management Practices (HRM) institutionalise in Management derangement Intention derangementstatistical Methods succinctResultsConclusionResearch MethodologyIntroductionThis chapter addresses the research methodology use in the employment of Organisational Commitment, its antecedents and consequences as attractd in the first off chapter. The first section of this chapter after the introduction presents the research design. Sample and cosmos atomic enactment 18 presented in the second section. The third section looks at measuring instrumentation, reliability, asperity and scoring techniques. The third secti on looks at data gathering procedures. The quaternary section describes methods for statistical analysis. The last section summarises this chapter.Research DesignThis select utilize a relational research design to coiffe the kinship among antecedents and consequences of organisational commitment. Research into organisational commitment is largely dependent on the perceptions of employees and employers. Perceptions ar gener entirelyy acquired through subjective self-reports or opinion. A design ground on analyses is therefore appropriate. Relational mountains empirically examine the kinds between ii or more variables, constructs, and/or factors. Descriptive surveys be primarily use to provide personal and demographic cultivation. Correlation studies ar use to throwaway relationships check consistency of those relationships and to make predictions. This allows the researcher to test hypotheses by cocksure or refuting their predictions which is consistent with Grounded Theory and the formation of theoretical frame controls. It follows that predictive stiffness is most often achieved by statistical methods such as correlativity and regression (Sa chthonics et al, 2009).SamplePopulationThe population of the study is all early(prenominal) and present employees of comp both X.Sample SelectionGiven that this company is a bitty specialised Information Technology consulting company with a small population (n = 25) all employees were approached to participate. Electronic survey links were sent to the whole population and 100% response rate was achieved where all of the respondents completed all of the surveys.Sample SizeSample size of it determines statistical significance in a relationship. The central limit theory dictates that the larger the absolute size of the taste the closer the more likely it is to get hold of a usual statistical distribution. It has also been shown that the minimum smack size of 30 will suffer a normal distribution or near normal distribution (Stutely, 2003).DeVaus (2002) provides this formula to calculate minimum ingest sizeWhere is the minimum sample size needed is the symmetricalness belonging to the specified category is the proportion not belonging to the specified category is the z value like to the level of confidence required (see evade A2.1) is the rim of error requiredTable 1 Confidence Levels and associated z valuesThis formula is used for small populationsWhere is the adjusted minimum sample size is the minimum sample size (as calculated supra) is the total populationSaunders et al. (2009) advise that, in cases where the population is less than thirty, data should be collected from the entire population. There are limitations associated with minimum size. In particular the margin of error cannot be little than the reciprocal of the population. It follows that in order to achieve a 5% margin of error the minimum sample size required is calculated sowhere is the sample size Applying the DeVaus (2002) formulae to the sample in this study requires the whole population if a confidence reposeval of 95% and 5% error is to be achieved.ProceduresThe researcher requested permission from the Managing Director of the organisation to conduct interviews and dispense surveys among the employees. In addition permission was granted to access human resource management records and employer/employee correspondence where legal, relevant and appropriate to the study. The researcher is an employee of the organisation with promiscuous access to the employees which urged the ease of data gathering and clarification where necessary. Most of the convocation are in possession of post graduate degrees and a number have a Masters level qualification which further facilitated the attend as the group all have a deep pinch and appreciation for the process.An employee meeting was called in the presence of the Managing Director where it was explained that the participation in the study was optional or voluntary, anonymous, and that the information would be treated confidentially. In order to avoid any peer group pressure, no treatment was entertained in the group information session and employees were invited to discuss any interest or concerns directly with the researcher in private. It is interesting to strike off that all employees wanted to participate and most had no desire to go forward anonymous inviting the researcher to discuss any aspect of their responses with them.Three approaches were used during the gathering of data Online Surveys Interviews and Analysis of Human Resource records and employee correspondence.Surveys are a popular, economical and convenient way to collect standardised data which facilitate easy comparisons (Saunders et al., 2009).Unstructured interviews were conducted to determine aspects of the organisations Human Resource Management practices determine reasons for Turnover with ex-employees where exit interviews or deta iled resignation explanations were not on hand(predicate) or unclear determine impressions of Turnover survivors for perceptions about Turnover reasons.Human Resource records were used to determine biographical data such as pay grade age tenure absenteeism education and vacation habitsTurnover reasons were collected from exit interviews and employee correspondence.Measuring InstrumentThis study aims to determine the relationship between prove, Turnover, Turnover Intention, Organisational Commitment, HRM practices and Job Satisfaction. The following instruments were used in surveys to mensuration the variablesOrganisational Commitment Allen and Meyer (1990)Job Satisfaction Brodke et al.s (2009) Revised Job Descriptive Index (JDI) questionnaire found on the original of Smith et al. (1969)Job Stress Stress in General (SIG) questionnaire of Brodke et al. (2009)Management Trust Trust in Management (TIM) Brodke et al. (2009)Turnover Intention three point questionnaire baed on Sjberg a nd Sverke (2000)Gathering of DataThe online surveys were created in Google Forms using the organisations internal infrastructure which is hosted on Google Apps. Google Forms is part of the Google Apps suite and facilitates the creation, distribution, and collation of survey data electronically. The surveys were distributed from the facility in Google Forms by way of a link in an email. The anonymous survey responses are automatically collected and stored on Google Drive where the information is do available in a tabular format (Microsoft Excel).Organisational CommitmentOrganisational Commitment was heedful using the Organisational Commitment Scales (OCS) true by Meyer and Allen (1997). The reliability of the OCS has been show in numerous studies over the last two decades. The reliability of each(prenominal) of the scales can be seen through Cronbachs important of between 0.77 and 0.88 for emotional commitment 0.65 and 0.86 for normative commitment and 0.69 and 0.84 for continu ance commitment (Fields, 2002).The OCS is comprised of 22 spots prized on a 7 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).Job SatisfactionThe Job Descriptive Index (JDI) was painstakingly developed by Smith, Kendall, and Hulin and published in their book, Satisfaction in Work and loneliness (1969). Patricia Cain Smith (1917-2007) relocated from Cornell to Bowling Green State University in the mid-1960s deliverance the JDI Research Group with her. The group has operated since 1959 with different members and is one of the longest cartroad research groups in the field. They make their family of scales available free of charge to researchers. The scales complicate the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) including the Job in General (JIG) Stress in General (SIG) and Trust in Management (TIM).These scales consist of phrases and adjectives that describe facets of the chew over or the employment overall. Participants select Yes, No or ? in response to each give voice or phrase. Yes performer the excogitate or phrase describes the job. No means the word or phrase does not describe the job. ? means that the respondent is unsure or cannot decide. The scales are scored 3, 0, 1.5 for Yes, No, and ? respectively.The 2009 revision of the JDI, JIG, SIG and TIM are utilised in this study.Job Descriptive Index and Job in GeneralThe Job Descriptive Index (JDI) and Job in General (JIG) are self-report fliers of job contentment. The JDI measures satisfaction with five facets of the job attitudes towards co-workers, the work itself, promotion opportunities, remuneration and supervision. The JIG scale measures overall satisfaction with the job (Brodke et al., 2009).There have been two major updates to the JDI since it was introduced by Smith, Kendall, and Hulin in 1969. The first update was made in 1985 (Smith et al., 1987) and the second was made in 1997 (Kihm, Smith, Irwin, 1997). The JDI Research Group (Bowling Green State University, OH, U SA) then updated the JDI family of scales in 2009.Table 2 Correlations among the JDI facets (Brodke et al., 2009)* lists correlations among the JDI scales which demonstrates that each of the JDI facets and the JIG measures a distinct aspect of job satisfaction and no facet correlates higher(prenominal)er than 0.50 with any other facet. Cronbach coefficients above 0.80 or higher are considered to have high levels of reliability.Table 2 Correlations among the JDI facets (Brodke et al., 2009)*Table 3 Validity Coefficients Pearson Correlations (Brodke et al., 2009) shows the correlations of the JDI facets with SIG and the individual(a) item measure of boilers suit Job Satisfaction Considering everything, how would you rate your overall satisfaction with your job? rated on a five point scale from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied). Brodke et al. (2009) have shown that the JIG scale is a good predictor of Turnover Intention.Table 3 Validity Coefficients Pearson Correlation s (Brodke et al., 2009)*Stress in GeneralThe relationships between study stress and negative personal and organisational outcomes are well documented. Stressors and Strains are definitive concepts related to stress. Stressors precede the experience of stress and strains are the outcomes of the stress experience.The SIG is a measure of the experience of work stress, which emerges between the initial existence of work stressors and the final resulting physical and psychological strains (Brodke et al. 2009).This is the stress that is experienced as a result of work stressors prior to the acknowledgement of the strain. The SIG is thus a good measure of Job Dissatisfaction and predictor of Turnover Intentions.The 2009 revision used in this study is based on the SIG scale developed by Stanton et al. (2001). Brodke et al. (2009) showed that this SIG scale shows a reliability coefficient of 0.79. Furthermore the scale correlates positively and significantly with the Faces stress measure (r = 0.54, p Human Resource Management Practices (HRM)The Managing Director and a team up manager were interviewed about all aspects of their interaction from recruitment to exit. Marketing hearty was collected and analysed. The JDI facets that measures Opportunities for Promotion and Supervision are also used in assessing perceptions of HRM practices.Trust in ManagementTrust in Management (TIM) self-report survey consists of twelve phrases and adjectives describing characteristics of senior management or executives. Participants select Yes, No or ? in response to each word or phrase. Yes means the word or phrase describes the manager or executive. No means the word or phrase does not describe the manager or executive. ? means that the respondent is unsure or cannot decide. The scales are scored 3, 0, 1.5 for Yes, No, and ? respectively.The TIM is considered a single scale and is composed of four dimensions Ability, Benevolence, Consistency, and Integrity. Table 4 Cronbachs alph as and correlations among the TIM compendium scores and the TIM dimensions (Brodke et al., 2009) shows how the dimensions of the TIM scale are correlated.Table 4 Cronbachs alphas and correlations among the TIM heavyset scores and the TIM dimensions (Brodke et al., 2009)*Table 5 Validity Coefficients with Selected Outcome Measures Pearson Correlations (Brodke et al., 2009) shows the Pearson correlations with JDI facets. Brodke et al. (2009) contend that the TIM dimensions are distinct although highly correlated.Table 5 Validity Coefficients with Selected Outcome Measures Pearson Correlations (Brodke et al., 2009)*Turnover IntentionThis study makes use of Sjberg and Sverkes (2000) three item Turnover Intention scale which measures the strength of the respondents innovation to leave their current job. The scale is scored from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). A high score indicates a higher degree of Turnover Intention. Nswall et al. (2006) showed the Cronbach alpha coefficients for this scale to lie between 0,76 and 0,87.TurnoverActual turnover information is derived from Human Resource records including ex-employee correspondence in the form of letters of resignation.Statistical MethodsData analysis was conducted using an installation of the statistical programming diction R through the web based front-end R-Studio on a virtual(prenominal) Amazon Web Services Machine Image (R version 3.0.1, nickname Good Sport, 2013-05-16). R is a GNU project which is free under the GNU General Public License.The researcher considered the following tests given the nature of the studyDescriptive Statistics are used to describe the location, shape, and dispersion of the sample data collectedInferential Statistics to calculate the strength and direction of the relationships between the research variablesRegression tests were used to examine cause-effect relationships between the research variables abridgmentData was primarily derived from the perceptions and e xperiences of employees. Statistical analysis was performed on the data in order to yield empirical evidence and to gain an understanding of the inter relationships between the antecedents and consequences of Organisational Commitment. Online surveys were conducted using various scales. Secondary data were collected from sources such as informal interviews and company HR records and policies. Data analyses are based on quantitative methods through a statistical analysis in order to answer the research questions posed.

Project Needs in Construction

sound couchion Needs in create facial expression methodological analysisConstruction Method StatementThe Work comprises of construction of New Media piazza at Tauranga.Construction control includes range setting up, foundation, piles, cover choke, piece of furniture work, roofing system, brickwork, internal and external w each(prenominal), doors and windows and capital.Delivering new facilities include Excavation for sub-structure phthisis machinery for super structurePlumbing and electric equalThe building provide have two kitchens, bunks, boardroom, meeting rooms, studios, repositing and car park.The ch everyenges for the training group that atomic number 18 specific to the present project ar known as Operating safely inside a live setting. Guaranteeing the maintained living building is repair and weather tight. Achieving the standard of construction and craft required to grasp the Projects style idea and to fulfill the Clients aspirations. Coordina tive and liaising with the shopper throughout the Project to attain the completion date.GeneralConstruction methodology starts after getting the project. We have enclosed our intensions and management process of the construction work. We have judgment of conviction-tested to show all the main stages of the construction work.Planning and chopineConstruction program management has been made on the computer based softw atomic number 18 program Microsoft project. We have prepared the Gantt chart to reduce and link the task with for each one other. The chart go out be updated regularly as project progresses. So, time can be reduced. Program has been submitted to all the related parties. We have too prepared key dates for the important project work and forget look for to follow that schedule.Pre-Start InvestigationBefore starting the work, office pass on be checked and aim layout lead be prepared. We provide level the situate as per the need of the work. Plotting pull up stakes be made on the g cadence as per the plan. We get out alike check the Soil bearing capacity. Also, it is incumbent to check the surrounding environment. After all that work construction work go out start.Security and post EstablishmentCreate a meditate protective cover system before starting the construction work. Spread security awareness among the workers. Contact local police and upraise department before commencement of work. Identify the assets and property on- identify and get across them regularly. Secure molding with fencing as first line of defense. Find the suit able surface to keep different materials on site so that it cannot get confused up and work can go easier. Lock up materials, secure vehicles and equipment and plant hidden kill switches to disable ignitions. Make the door to keep on unauthorized entry. Assign 24/7 security guard. Also install CCTV wherever necessary.Personal all(prenominal) persons, including works and engineers should gain a ccess to the site prior. And they should maintain basic site rules.Site access and deliveriesWhen any preservation come check before it enters the site, if thither is hazardous thing or not. Check the ID of driver and vehicle number as well.SignageSuitable signage should be installed for the safety of workers and the general public around.This may include Speed readyAccommodationDanger aheadReport to managerFirst promoteGo slowNo entry without permissionToiletsMovement and hoisting of materials vehicle movement of vehicles on site leave behind require permission.Materials should be staked and store in a particular way so good use of material is possible. Material will be order minimum so no congestion on site will occur.Waste focussingWhile planning of the project waste removal strategies will be discussed. It will be discussed within all the sub-contractors. We propose that waste should be removed from the site on a regular basis and that will be the responsibility of all the contractors related to that type of waste. All sub-contractors will be required to transport and deposit their rubbish by themselves regularly. Site Waste Management Plans (SWMPs) are also necessary. We will try to reuse the materials more and more.SafetySafety on the site is very necessary. All workers will wear safety jackets and helmets. Without safety accessories, no worker will be allowed on site. Safety inspections will also be through with(p) on a regular basis.Noise controlWe try to diminish the noise as possible. On construction sites so many activities are going on parallel. Machines are very huge and makes so a lot noise, but we will maintain to keep noise below the highest level. subscribe to environment officers to check the level of noise.Temporary Services rough fugitive operate are necessary for any construction site Some are listed below which we are going to have on site.Toilets (Male/ Female) weightliftors officeEntry gateFencingMeeting roomElectricity pla nningPhone and internetWater provision Etc.Site LayoutConstruction General Our tender program shows our timing and order of processs necessary to achieve project completion.Starting Work Before starting of the project works, the preliminary site and people safety will take place. For all the work packages, specialized sub-contractors will be appointed. The Contractors offices and welfare facilities will be set up within the site. The temporary fencing, CCTV, Gates are erected round the site before work commences and maintained throughout the Project. Separate site vehicle and pedestrian gates will be provided in the contractors site space. Works related to provide a new electrical sub-station are scheduled early within the program to make sure an fitting supply for the new facilities. Temporary borewell or tanker facility will be provided for water need of the site. Kitchen with necessary equipment and facility will be provided in the temporary office.Sub-Structure Excavation of t he concrete bases and piles will be undertaken by excavators. The excavation and installation of drainage between the foundations will be do once the wooden pile has been erected. Around that the concrete work will be done.EnvelopeThe roof will commence by putting the roof steel sheet over the rafters. Rafters will be installed over the lintel.Super StructureLoad bearing walls will be erected on the floor level. Walls will be weather tight. Insulation will be provided between two plywood sheets. Lintels will be done above the walls. Stairs will be also constructed as per design. on that point will be also a fireplace with chimney constructed with concrete and brickwork.Mechanical / galvanic Services A detailed installation and pitch shot schedule will be prepared by the Mechanical and Electrical contractor, as per the structural engineers construction drawings. The high-level pipework above ceiling level will be installed. Installation of light fittings, smoke detectors and fire alarm systems will be coordinated with the ceiling works. Key dates for role and water providing to be offered at intervals the building are known on the program. After installation, special team will test all the services and client will be shown the test results.Handover Temporary items used for fitting will be removed after the installation of all fixtures and fittings. During stand firm two weeks of construction point in time building will be reach over to the client. Before final hand over each and all room will be cleaned and inspected. The site offices and compound fencing will be also removed during the last two weeks of the project. Temporary site services like offices and telephone line and water connection will be terminated.External Works After construction of main building signage, carpark and cleaning will be done outside the building. For car park, there will be concrete work and kerbs will be also there. All the signage will be put and information board will be also there after the building completes.Post Contract supportWe will take care of the building during the warranty conclusion as discussed before. If nighthing happens to the building during this time we will maintain it. A special person will also be appointed during this contract period to take care of the building. You can contact him directly if you need some help.Protect the Completed Works The sub-contractors can need to shield all materials and instrumentality to the satisfaction folks. to prevent harm from rain and sun, building activities, or the other cause some throughout the progress of the sub-contract works and manger the completion of the Project. Before beginning what level of and the way abundant security department required are mentioned between all the parties. we are going to track and maintain the protection work done by all sub-contractors. flavor and safety are mentioned thoroughly altogether the conferences thus we are able to make sure its as per the c ontract. Before relinquishing the work we are going to do final examination and checkout to urge 0 defects in construction work for consumer satisfaction. Building drawings, completion time and operation and maintenance manuals are ready and issued to the Contract Administrator, before completion of the works.The followings will be discussed at each internal site meeting The standing(a) and progress recorded against the contract programCurrent updated Construction Program with, if necessary, actions for transportation works in line with the development program hebdomadal labor and plant returns.A rolling schedule of approvals of all styles, detailing and Materials nonetheless to be approved. This schedule is going to be updated on a weekly basis.A schedule of materials and comes store-bought off site, with standings of share factory-made and anticipated delivery dates.CONCLUSIONThe above methodology statement has been created specifically to demonstrate my understanding of the pro ject needs and therefore the careful methodology needed to hold out a project of this nature. Its not, but encompassing and before the commencement of every stage or part of the development work.

Have Political Parties Declined In Democracies Politics Essay

Have dominatemental Parties Declined In Democracies Politics EssayIn questioning whether the role of parties has declined in todays consolidated democracies, I will first earn a abbreviated expla solid ground of what semi policy-making parties atomic number 18 and their role in democratic states. and whereforely I will see what the main roles of the parties in politics be, and go bring out whether their role has declined in recent geezerhood.In recent old age, it appears that the role of putmental parties in the politics of consolidated democracies founder decreased drastically. Many implore the reason behind this decline is primarily the change in the roles of the parties. Hague and Harrop postulate that the question for the twenty-first century is whether we are witnessing a crisis of parties or exactly if a change in their role. It is important to emphasise that the parties ready not declined in the sense that they do ceased to be important in government, n evertheless they turn over changed, and today exercise rather different drop deads or perform impostal functions in a different manner.Political parties have been deemed obligatory since the early societal assemblying of man. Men would celebrate a trope of the state that would subsume societal conflict and which would allow the sway of natural law to function and apply it to their state. Thus, whiz could say that political transcriptions deal with conflicts and the political institutions they create. Giovanni Sartori defines a political troupe as any political group identified by an official label that presents at elections, and is capable of placing d adept elections candidates for public offices. Unlike interest groups, serious parties aim to obtain the keys to government.It is rightful(a) that political parties are needed and cannot be replaced by courteous party or by any other organized structure created to give representation to citizens because political part ies have formed the cornerstone of democratic golf-club and serve a function like no other institution. Hence, in a modern society, democracy cannot function without political parties. The mobile resist and collaboration of strong, inclusive political parties in partnership with a vivacious civil society is fast gaining acceptance as the correctly equilibrate equation to achieve a more transparent and participatory system of government. In strengthening democratic institutions in consolidated democracies, it is not a matter of having to involve amidst building a strong civil society or strengthening political parties and political institutions such as parliaments. The real challenge lies in balancing support for democratic institutions and organizations that are more accountable and inclusive, patch at the same time proceed to foster and nurture the development of a broadly based and active civil society.Hague and Harrop question whether parties are facing a crisis and whet her they are declining into weak, decentralised organizations. Amongst other reasons, they argue that major parties no longer offer radically different visions of the good society, and electors party loyalties are weakening as tradition social divisions decay. Furthermore, they state that party members are older than the average somebody and are becoming less active and party membership is fall and will continue to do so as older members draw the electorate. young person batch are more likely to join single-issue groups than parties, and parties have become charity cases, relying for funding on state handouts. Moreover, the trust in parties is lower than for other political institutions, and is declining. On the other hand, Crotty argues that the demands of society have changed, and parties change to meet them. Too a lot, models of what parties ought to be like are haggard from the narrow experience of Western Europe in the twentieth century. Today, it is impossible to expect the rebirth of mass membership parties with their millions of working-class members and their supporting pillars of dish out unions. In an era of mass media and electronic communication, such an organisational format is gone(p) for good. In its stead, comes the new format of parties found in the consolidated democracies proclivity and flexible, with communication from leaders trough the broadcast media and the internet. Rather than relying on over-the-hill notions of a permanent army of members, new-format parties mobilize volunteers for particularised, short-term tasks, such as election campaigns. The form of parties will continue to evolve but their pop the question of giving direction to government continues unchanged.According to Hague and Harrop, political parties are give tongue to to perform four main functionsThe ruling parties offer direction to government, thus performing the vital task of steering the ship of stateParties function as agents of political recruitmen t, and serve as the major mechanism for preparing and recruiting candidates for the general assembly and executiveParties serve as devices of interest aggregation, filtering a multitude of specific demands into more manageable packages of proposals. Parties select, reduce and combine policies andTo a declining extent, political parties besides serve as a brand for their supporters and voters, giving muckle a lens through which to interpret and participate in a conglomerate political world.The decline in the role of political parties has been identified in the first place in terms of a constant erosion of the functions listed above. In what is already a highly fragmented political system, the decline of these functions has very often led to inefficient government and the wearing a counseling of the legitimacy of institutions.1-The parties incase the link between parliament and the government because the party which fits an overall absolute volume in parliament and gos it t hen forms the government. The parties also provide for the scrutiny and control of the government since the party which does not win the election and becomes the Opposition then has the job of constantly rapeing and criticizing the government and exposing its failings to the public as swell as putting forward election ideas of its own. However, in recent years amid all the furore over the decline of traditional parties, not a single third party has emerged with even the semblance of electoral strength. Third-party candidates have sometimes done well, but they represent more of a admit vote than some discernible social movement. Weaker party identification is producing a more inconsistent electorate prone to sudden shifts in loyalty, to vote splitting and to voting for individual candidates or issues rather than according to traditional party ties. Only a minimal percentage of the adult population are active participants in party organizations. Generally, over the past few year s these activists have become more candidate- and issue-oriented, one of their main motivations being to push a particular candidate or to support just one special issue. Critics argue that these trends have weakened party organization and coherence even further.2- Parties are the main way in which democratic leaders are recruited and fed into the political system. Parties provide us with the personnel who govern that state. at that place has been a dramatic decline in the membership of two of the major parties people (especially young people) appear to be less unbidden to get actively involved in party organisations at expose roots level. Parties are said to provide the most important way in which people become involved in politics. This can be done on a number of levels. By joining a party people become involved and may even get elected. However, established political parties have experienced a declining membership that is ageing. Young people are hesitating to join or bec ome associated with political parties. At the same time, support has risen for independent candidates, and interest parties. There has been a dramatic decline in party membership between the mid-sixties and the 1990s. In Scandinavia, Sundberg argues, since the 1970s and the 1980s, membership decline has set in at an unprecedented rate. Denmark is a particularly extreme case, with membership fall from one in every five people in the 1960s to one in twenty by the 1990s.By voting for a party, people are able to express their political stamp and attend choose the government. It is parties which give people the choice at elections between alternative views and policies. The parties also provide the voters with a choice in elections by presenting programmes and victorious stands on issues parties allow the voters to choose between rival policy packages. Parties do policies or ideas which they hope will win them power so these ideas have to appeal to a large enough section of the el ectorate. The parties have to bring forth policies on a whole range of issues covering all aspects of politics if they are to be taken seriously as a authorization government. This gives the voters a genuine choice of alternative packages to choose from.3- Policy cooking is another role of the parties since they come up with the policy proposals which the voters can choose and then put those policies into action if they win the election. Hence, parties initiate the policies / ideas which then govern the nation in a wide variety of areas e.g. foreign policy, environment, health, education etc. In recent years, the parties have become less attach to ideas and are more willing to shape their beliefs and policies to respond to public opinion rather than leading people to follow them, and it can also be argued that parties now also deliberately keep their ideas and policies very vague and withstand to go into detail because this might antagonize voters and also open them to attack about the details.Nowadays, the number of programmatic parties has decreased, and they are in turn becoming overhear all parties. Programmatic parties tend to have definite and fixed set of ideas and beliefs which they heavily believe in and which they can apply in all circumstances. However, parties have now become pragmatic that is they are willing to change ideas to shell changing circumstances. While the former were more interested in transforming society to bring it in line with their ideas over a long close of time, while the catch-all parties policies are designed to win the next elections and to deal and with current and short term issues. The programmatic parties aim to bring the people some to their way of thinking and to agree with their principles, while the latter seek to find out what the people want and then fit their ideas and policies to match so that they can gain popularity and elect candidates. Catch-all parties tend to change their policies on a regular ba sis to match changing circumstances and public opinion, while the programmatic parties tend to stick to long held policies and not change them.4- Representation is one of the main functions of political parties in a democracy. They are to serve the interests of their people as party representatives, and they are also supposed to represent the nation as a whole. Through representation, parties help to link the government to the people because they attempt to match their policies to public opinion as much as possible and then if they win the election they can carry out those policies hence, translating what the public wants into action. However, recently it has been argued that the parties are not representing those who elect them properly because many another(prenominal) MPs are elected by a minority of their constituents, for instance, in Britain, the first past the post system means that MPs do not have to be chosen by a majority of the voters in their area. E.g. some Scottish se ats the MP were elected with only 1/3 of the vote. Furthermore, the government itself can be elected to rule with minority of the vote.

Food production and export goods

Food production and export advancedsAssess the advantages and disadvantages for unequal country governments of solid pabulum production over export goods.This essay argues that aliment production should be on top of the priority list of governments of the brusk countries, because of the increase in of provender prices glob twainy at a conviction of ball-shaped economic downturn and for the purpose of achieving provender sovereignty and intellectual nourishment earnestThe discussion highlight the failure of export of goods strategies, and complexities related to connecting ridiculous economies with global grapple as a result of recommendations by IFIs which focalization on the advantages international throw. The essay slightly engages with debate around the incapableness of those institutions, and their strategies to tackle the implication of world viands problem in the context of use of the curt countries using conclusion and critique of moorage studies as disadvantages to meander the fodder production as a favourable option in response to this problem.What sad countries means?In brief, and in order to line what meant by woeful countries. According to Paul Collier (2007) those countries falls entrapped in four major argonas, including conflict affected countries, natural recourses even if the recourses ar available they suffer from phenomenon much(prenominal) as Dutch Disease practically perceived as miss management of resources, the problem of being arenalocked, and poor governance which is combination of corruption and inadequate pronounce administrative capacities in concert with other governance problems. Additionally to colliers list Foster (1992) outlines swooning state infrastructures, which in this essay refers simply to poor or lack of a transportation network, communication structures and technical capacities, which is axiomatically, refers to education remainss and capabilities. For both authors the majority of world are very poor land slight poorly educated ordinarily superstitious etc. Within these countries the South Centre (2008) estimates that the bulk of race are consuming imported food the centre argues the poor population are to a greater extent vulnerable to rising food prices because food maps a high proportion of their total expenditure.In todays globalised world is facing the worsened global economic downturn since the great recession of the 1930s. Food is non just an important need for nutritional of humans to survive, it became more of situation contemplateing sovereignty and independence of the state in the case of the poor countries if not in all countries at least for the majority-the state and its governing system is an inherited system from the economical relations of the colonial era. Food sovereignty could be more than a symbol for independence it could work as basis for fair trade and development. In contrast FAO (2009) report establishes clear-cut link be tween the global economic downturn and predict that it passing play to intensify implication on the poor countries as assuming downslope in exports or capital inflows will soon occurs while the food import capacity (FDI, remittances and foreign embolden).)Patrick Kendall and Marco Petracco (2009) critically assess the impact of food import Caribbean and the dependence on its import has made the region more vulnerable and exposed to international market supply shocks, which are judge to boost again due to increasing volatility nature of food in the global markets. They criticises the shifts from subsistence to cash cropping declined the proportion agriculture export internet in GDP of the region from 9.7% in 1980 to 4.3% in 2004(p.783) while the ratio of expenditure on food imports to total foreign exchange clams dribble from 15% in 1980 to 9.7% in 2004, and the ratio to total imports fell from 15.5% to 8.7%.(p.785)On the basis of comparative advantages (which is not a static excogitation1), division of labour and free trade was introduced hypothetically it befools all materially better off than they would be if individuals or communities tried to provide all(prenominal)thing for themselves (George Kent, 2002). It was besides assumed that inside the globalization of world rescue countries will be able to procure food from diverse sources and they will get the surmount prices through the open market. As a matter of fact trade does assist in growth of the economies of these countries either regionally (Coe N. M. Hess M. Yeung H.W. Dicken P. and Henderson J. 2004) or globally (WTO, 2010). But this was never the case of food, where income of the poor among other mix variables set the rate of under-nutrition and consequently it lowers fertility rates, human survival rates, health, and education capabilities of children, security and the overall energy of a country aspires development (Foster 1992). However, historically as in the case of sub Sub-Sahara n Africa during the 1970s and 1980s integrating into the world economic system at a time of historically unprecedented volatility in world food, energy, and capital prices. As a result of these burdens, smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa are very poor and are getting poorer (Delgado 1997 cited in Kent, 2002 p.2). While the world bring forths enough food for all the manhood currently (Kakar, Raziq, in 2009 FAO estimated that over one billion individuals are undernourished (FAO, 2009). After thirty course of studys of falling global food prices in real considerations, food prices exhaust steadily increased since the year 2002. This trend began to increase in 2006 and prices rose even more sharply in 2008 (South Centre, 2008 p.14) indicating that food prices rose by 52 per cent (p.1). use twenty equation econometric model R. McFall Lamm and Paul C. Westcott study on The Effects of Changing Input Costs on Food Prices proves that changes in factor prices results quickly in change of food prices the results in addition indicates that food prices increase rapidly than non food prices. Consequently, the increase in prices will finally lead to unrest in m either poor countries flush in mind that as result of 2007 food prices increase, 30 countries experienced food riots where the worlds poorest mint cease no longer afford basic food (Georgia Miller, 2008).Unless international finance and trade institutions namely (WTO, IMF, World Bank) are reformed, in that location are no hopes for poor countries to compete in the global trade. excess trade remains elusive as long as the copious countries still applying production protection policies such as producers subsidy2and tariffs which represent at their end reflecting Export restrictions to the growth countries productions, while demanding them to open their market doors for the global trade (Wall 1999 kent 2002, Gowa 1994 OECD 2007 Coote 1996 Lloyd, P. J. 1999). The World Bank (2008) recognises this v ery well stating By removing their current level of protection, industrial countries would induce annual welfare gains for developing countries estimated to be five times the current annual flow of aid to agriculture and predicting that Poor countries that export cotton or oilseeds, such as Chad, Sudan, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Benin, stand to gain. Among the big expected gainers are Brazil, Thailand, and Vietnam. (p.11) So far no protectionist policies have been lifted. In fact the international finance and trade institutions have no strong influence upon the rich countries polices. Meanwhile, the reform agendas has been extended to adopt the whole United Nations systems and structures whereas the heart of the reform is in financing the global organisation(Gordon 1994 Mller 1992). Having quite a little as Jeffery Sachs (2010) the Harvard University Professor of Economics advocating the idea of tax transactions between banks and financial institutions to raise funds for global iss ues corresponding poverty. One might argue that the implementation of Aid for Trade programmes would also contribute to solving the crisis as they could help developing countries to integrate into international markets through trade. However, the impact of such programmes in boosting agricultural productivity is not cl proterozoic established (South Centre 2008 p.37) In contrast Kevin Danaher (2001) is calling for the abolition of those financial and trade institutions building his argument in fairness and usefulness. Until the stalled trade negotiations (Hall-Matthews 2010) or reform around those financial institutions reach consensus or at least level of agreement, the situation on poor countries in term of faire trade and food security remain the same as early 1980s since threats of famine became more of curse in countries like Ethiopia (Hancock 1985) and Nigel Twose (1984) ) critics as cited in Hancock 1985 remains valid, when it goes to see the result of an IMF intervention i n the third world is the acceleration of change in agricultural practices, resulting in even greater concentration on crops for export, at the expense of food crops for local consumption (p.124) in other words the land that should be feeding their people is producing food for European and north American consumers cerebrate that these systems lead to deprivation for million(p.127). Ironically, similar conclusions to the 1980s rhetoric has being reached within the International Development Committee of Great Britain (2009) that the poor countries are losing billions of dollars every year to tax evasion by international companies and they need to be assisted to benefit from their own resources.Indeed that not every wizard poor country has enough resources for achieving food self-sufficiency which refers to 100% insurance coverage of a nation needs (Dhli fashiono 1988 p.15), nether food production refers to agro-grain it can also refers to aqua food such sea food fisheries or managin g animal products bearing in mind the advances in science that mankind has reached, and possible support food producers which could be through protection policies seek and extension organisations (p.31) as in the case of farmers. The more they can produce the more secure the country becomes in term of development and stability.In general export of goods and engagement in trade may be an excellent way of making earnings for generating wealth at heroic scale, but creation of wealth as an end does not of necessity means the fundamental needs of the poor will be served, bearing in mind all the miseries that Europe has gone through during the industrial enterprise era. Export of goods might it not be a good way for securing fundamental survival necessity for the poor people, such as food and water. The whole Marxist literature is discussing that accumulation of capital makes few people richer I mentioned this here to highlight that the propensity that expected from good exports and enthronement in production is contingent by many other factors and expectations such as profitability and success in competition with well established firms within unstable global markets and financial system undergoing a crisis the chance for that choice grows greater and greater. Indeed with the option to grow food in that respect are also great risks such climate change which does not necessarily means drought, it could also takes the form of heavy rains and floods or any other natural disasters. At (page 1) I added weak infrastructures to Colliers(2007) similarities of the poor countries, this weak infrastructures hinders trade in global competition more than it affect agriculture, then any improvement in those infrastructure and capacities will have decreed inputs toward these countries development. A clear exampleA clear example by Marc Wuyts(1993) who studies the case of Tanzania 1960s up 1970s when Tanzanias economic policy has centred an investment funds scheme with th e aim to speed up economic development with avail of aid and less concern for its consequences, he argues that not scrutinizing the consequences of the aid- operate state-led investment dodging in the context of an open and structurally fairly inflexible economy (p.160) which relied on few export crops in order to obtain grave currencies, has reduced the country growth rates which was assumed to be succeed and has wrecked the economy to become aid dependent in both financing investments and imports of consumer goods. He continues to argue that while agriculture, which was not the main donee of this strategy, it determined its unpleasant ending. Ray Bush (2000) discuss similar case of prioritising cash crops for export in Egypt where the International financial institutions reforms have failed to make the economic prosperous instead changes in diets and food purchases to economise on household expenses extra labour time associated with searching for cheaper food in the souk and s ales of livestock, jewellery and other household assets (p.242). He considers Market driven solutions fails to take into account the Egyptian rural people lifestyles and their way to promise their uneven access to resources. He noticed that there is inadequate solicitude by the international agencies to the ongoing market failure, and the ways in which people are adopting themselves with crisis. Instead they are focused on notions of peasant ignorance and poor technology (p.248).Bartra, Roger and Otero, Gerardo (1987) conducted analysis cash crops in contrast with subsistence crops in Mexico, using prices and production data from 1940 to 1983 their analysis reflected a twofold crisis one is handicap of peasant economy the second is related the production of cash crops reflect the local capitalist crisis in the field of agriculture.While export of good requires government facilitation of trade processes (Collier 2007) and encouragement commonly understood as less state led interve ntions accordingly easier to perform. Normally the food production strategy makers expect governmental control and state led interventions which varies from the level of land reform laws Foster(1992) and protection of producers policies to the level of micro support such as research and extension services for farmers(Ramasamy and Selvaraj 2007). But in principle the governments of poor countries are expected implement state led interventions and play more role than safe guarding the society.ConclusionOversimplifying some issues How come I rent a poor hungry man to trade and invest?

Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication

sexuality Differences in Non literal CommunicationThe Gender Differences in non literal CommunicationAbstr promptIntroductionAim/ Purpose openingParticipantsProcedureResults cultureReferencesAbstractThis research will attempt to foot race the hypothesis whether there is gender difference in do of non verbal talk in the midst of male and womanly with intent of gestures. The participants were 47 males and 26 females, individuals comprising of 20 males and 20 females, categorized separately, on the whole above the age of 21.The Individuals were all prove in a affable measure executeting fit(p) in downtown San Jose. The participants were amid the ages of 21 and 40, this is just an approximation beca implework forcet the participants were non approached or inquired.For the train of this teach, nonverbal colloquy was defined as communication former(a) than create verbally or spoken, such(prenominal) as hap gestures. mickle gestures were only put down when there was a definite distinction amongst the end of ane gesture and the beginning of some other. The difference in the flirt with of give way gestures use by custody (M=2.85, SD=3.18) and the mean summate of buy the farm gestures used by women (M= 6.9, SD=6.24) was statistically probatory t(38)=2.59, p 0.05, two tailed. The information store did support our hypothesis that women would use much than get hold of gestures than men. There is a significant difference in the number of hand gestures used by women and men.IntroductionAccording to Briton and Hall (2005), in a actually general sense, non-verbal communication simply includes all forms of communication, which argon not achieved stringently with the use of words or other symbols that perform the very(prenominal) task as words. This has been emphasized by Semnani-Azad, Adair, (2011), who reiterate that this is simply not a reference to our behavior (although, of course, some mountain do act akin animals). It is a re ference to the fact that humans are biological creatures, as much as crocodiles, cougars, and capybara (Semnani-Azad, Adair, 2011). We are the product of millions of years of evolution, our physical make-up changing to make us fitter to delay and reproduce.Aim/ PurposeThis Essay will attempt to analyse whether a gender difference outlive in use of verbal communication between male and female this can contribute towards soul the literature roughly the elements of non verbal communication. Although humans are animals, we also have something that no other animal has the most complex social structure on Earth (Eriksson, et al., 2012). We gather in families, tribes, clans, and nations. We have an incredibly sophisticated rule of interacting speech. We can communicate over time and distance through feeling and broadcasting. Our memories are the longest, our interactions the most intricate, our perception of the world simultaneously the broadest and most lucubrate (Semnani-Azad, Adair, 2011).The difference between humans and other animals is that, unlike every other animal (as far as we know), we can and do consciously react or alter our response to a stimulus (Keogh, 2014). The greatest lesson lies in the existence of amusement parks, where people deliberately subject themselves to stimuli that any other creature on earth would go to great lengths to lift ( cutting edge Beek, Van Dolderen, Dubas, 2006). Imagine, if you can, the reaction of a dog to a roller coaster. If it did not leap out at the first movement, it would cringe in fag of the car until it probably had a heart attack.Regardless of the occasional line of business disputes, non-verbal communication occurs within the same basic framework (i.e. output, transmission and input, to take thousands of pages into three words) as does communication, which is dependent on discrete symbols such as words (Keogh, 2014).Mehrabian found that, on average, words contributed 7% of the thoroughgoing twi st on this assessment, while tone of voice and opthalmic clues contributed 38% and 55% respectively. These three aspects of communication are sometimes referred to as verbal, vocal and visual (or the three Vs).It is not always immediately obvious whether an instance of communication should be considered verbal or non-verbal (Caspi, Chajut, Saporta, 2008). Some gestures have agreed gists which are at least as precise as those of some words. Perhaps, like writing and signing, specific gestures should be considered as verbal communication via the visual input. By the same token, a word which is screamed loudly and harshly could be thought of as non-verbal communication via the auditory input especially if its meaning did not fit the context (Eriksson, et al., 2012).another(prenominal) way of looking at this issue is to consider whether the meaning is explicit (precisely defined) or implicit (imprecisely evoked). speech are usually explicit, and gestures are usually implicit. Howe ver, in the above examples, the gestures were examples of mostly explicit communication, and the screamed word was an example of largely implicit communication.Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication has always been an important skill that all people should develop. Previous studies have hinted at the idea that men and women communicate differently. Spangler, (1995) suggested that women break away to be recrudesce at using and decoding nonverbal communication cues, especially facial express mailions. In a stereotypical beliefs study by Caspi, Chajut, and Saporta, (2008), it was suggested that women were believed to use the face and hands to express their ideas more than men. While another study by Schmid, Schmid Mast, Bombari, and Mast, (2011) suggested that women are believed to employ more expressive and collect more nonverbal communication than men, and that they are more skilled at sending and receiving nonverbal messages.TheoryNonverbal communication represents two- thirds of all communication. Nonverbal communication can portray a message both verbally and with the correct body signals. Body signals comprise physical features, conscious and unconscious(p) gestures and signals, and the mediation of personal space .The wrong message can be established if the body language conveyed does not match a verbal message. In this research, women are more likely than men to discern stain from opposite-gender str angers as unpleasant and an invasion of privacy. Moreover, the more women perceive a point as sexual from a male stranger, the less they perceive the key signature as warm and friendly whereas, the more men perceive a touch as sexual from a female stranger, the more they perceive it as warm, pleasant, and friendly (for a review, see Hertenstein et al. 2006b).In the present study, we tested predictions regarding gender differences in the accuracy with which individuals can communicate distinct emotions through touch in human communication, rel ying on previously published data (Hertenstein et al. 2006). This study included the requisite four different dyad groups (encoder-decoder) femalefemale, femalemale, malemale, and malefemale. Overall accuracy across 12 emotions did not vary by gender, as reported in the reliable article. However, gender differences were not analyzed for each emotion separately. These aggregate analyses curb the inferences that could be make regarding gender differences in the communication of emotion via touch. In the present study, we analyzed each of the emotions separately focusing on two emotions that evolutionary and social role accounts both suggest should vary by gender discernment and anger. We also focused on happiness, an emotion that has shown reproducible gender differences (e.g., LaFrance et al 2003).Researchers have documented empirical support for such stereotypes (Brody and Hall 2000) women report experiencing more happiness than men (Brody 1993) and they smile more than men (Hal l et al. 2002 LaFrance et al. 2003). Predicated upon theory and the empirical work demonstrating that women experience and express more positive emotionality than men, we predicted that dyads comprised solely of females would communicate happiness with touch at above- get levels.In summary, based on theoretical and empirical evidence reviewed above, we made predictions regarding three different emotions sympathy, anger, and happiness. More specifically, we predicted that when females are in an experimental dyad, sympathy will be decoded at above-chance levels. We also predicted that dyads involving males would accurately communicate anger with touch. Finally, we predicted that dyads comprised solely of females would accurately communicate happiness with touch.ParticipantsThe participants were 47 males and 26 females, individuals comprising of 20 males and 20 females, categorized separately, all above the age of 21.The Individuals were all found in a social bar setting located in dow ntown San Jose. The participants were between the ages of 21 and 40, this is just an approximation because the participants were not approached or inquired. In order to further investigate the idea that women have go bad communication skills than men, my partner and I constructed a study where 40 participants were discovered. xx men and 20 women who were in a bar setting were notice for 2 minutes each. While the individuals were engaged in a conversation, the two-minute horologe was set and the amount of times hand gestures used were tallied. We hypothesized that because women have remediate communication skills than men, that women will have a higher average use of hand gestures than men.ProcedureWhile in a highly social setting, 36 males and 26 females were identified and observed. As the observers we identified the male or female participant and set our timers for two minutes. Making our observation as discreet as possible, every use of nonverbalCommunication was recorded. For the purpose of this study, nonverbal communication was defined as communication other than written or spoken, such as hand gestures. Hand gestures were only recorded when there was a definite distinction between the end of one gesture and the beginning of another.The chi-square (pronounced kai) dispersal is the most commonly used regularity of comparing proportions. It is symbolized by the Greek letter chi or c 2). This test makes it possible to restrict whether the difference exists between two groups and their sense of taste or likelihood of doing something is real or just a chance occurrence. In other words, it dos whether a relationship or association exists between being in one of the two groups and the behavior or attribute under study. If in a survey of 692 respondents, we asked whether or not they are interested go to attractions and events that deal with history and heritage during their vacation, and we wanted to determine whether there is a difference in how m en and women respond to this question, we could weigh a chi-square.C 2 determines the differences between the observed (fo) and expected frequencies (fe). The observed frequencies are the actual survey results, whereas the expected frequencies refer to the hypothetical distribution based on the overall proportions between the two characteristics if the two groups are alike. For example, if we have the following survey resultsChoose 1 data set and use this data for the research report for NVCDate set 1Observed frequenciesThen we can organise our expected frequencies (fe) based on the proportion of respondents who said yes versus no. It can also be reason for each cell by the row total with the column total divided by the grand totalThis second table, we hypothesized that because women have better communication skills than men, they will have a higher average use of hand gestures than men, also representing the trivial hypothesis or Ho. (Therefore, if a study says that it fails to reject the null hypothesis, it means that no relationship was found to exist between the variables under study.)Hence, the calculation is as followsThe critical value for a level of significance of .05 (or 95% level of confidence, the normal level in this type of research) is 3.841. This means that you are confident that 95% of the distribution waterfall below this critical value. Since our result is above this value, we canReject the null hypothesis that no difference exists between interest in attending historical attractions and events and gender (in other words, there is a difference between genders) andConclude that the differences in the groups are statistically significant (or not collectable to chance)You will not need to memorize all the critical value since computer programs such as SPSS will not only calculate the c 2 values for you, but will also fork out you the precise level of observed significance (known as p value), which in our case is .039. If this level of sig nificance is above the standard .05 level of statistical significance, you are dealing with a statistically significant relationship. Increasing your understanding of non-verbal communication is the first step in improving your own use and comprehension of this vital aspect of interpersonal interaction. In order to determine the difference between the average amount of nonverbal communication used between men and women, my partner and I constructed an observational study where 40 selected participants were observed for 2 minutes each within a bar setting. The sample group of participants consisted of 20 males and 20 females. The study showed that there was a significant difference in the amount of times women use hand gestures in comparison to the amount of times men use hand gesturesResultsThe difference in the mean of hand gestures used by men (M=2.85, SD=3.18) and the mean number of hand gestures used by women (M= 6.9, SD=6.24) was statistically significant t(38)=2.59, p 0.05,tw o tailed.The data collected did support our hypothesis that women would use more hand gestures than men. There is a significant difference in the number of hand gestures used by women and men. We believed that women would use more hand gestures than men because of the stereotype, that women are more social and outgoing than men. Women are also believed to express their feelings more than men, which we believed is connected to the way women communicate and the amount of hand gestures they use.ConclusionI believe that further research in this area would be extremely helpful in analyzing why women are better at expressing themselves. Some of the sampling problems in this study could have been that the individuals being observed may have mild case of Tourettes syndrome that causes to have everlasting movement, that movement could have easily been confused for a hand gesture. Another sampling problem could have been the attempt to grab a befuddle or a straw could have been counted as a hand gesture, when the gesture had nothing to do with communication.ReferencesBriton, N J, Hall, J A (2005). Beliefs about female and male nonverbal communication. Sex Roles A Journal of Research, 32, 79(12). Retrieved November 5, 2008, from grow Academic ASAP Database.Caspi, A., Chajut, E., Saporta, K. (2008). Participation in Class and in Online Discussions Gender Differences.Computers Education,50(3), 718-724.Eriksson, M., Marschik, P. B., Tulviste, T., Almgren, M., Perez Pereira, M., Wehberg, S., Gallego, C. (2012). Differences between Girls and Boys in Emerging diction Skills Evidence from 10 Language Communities.British Journal Of Developmental Psychology,30(2), 326-343.Keogh, E. (2014). Gender differences in the nonverbal communication of inconvenience A new direction for sex, gender, and pain research?.Pain.Schmid, P., Schmid Mast, M., Bombari, D., Mast, F. (2011). Gender effects in Information Processing on a Nonverbal decrypt Task.Sex Roles,65(1/2), 102-107.Sem nani-Azad, Z., Adair, W. L. (2011). The Display of Dominant Nonverbal Cues in Negotiation The Role of gloss and Gender.International Negotiation,16(3), 451-479.Spangler, L. (1995). Gender-Specific Nonverbal Communication Impact for Speaker Effectiveness.Human Resource Development Quarterly,6(4), 409-419.Van Beek, Y., Van Dolderen, M. M., Demon Dubas, J. S. (2006). Gender-Specific Development of Nonverbal Behaviours and Mild Depression in Adolescence.Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry,47(12), 1272-1283.Page 1

The Black Panther Party Essay -- essays research papers fc

     "There is nothing more dangerous than a large segment of people in society that feel that they dupe no maneuver or stake in it, who feel they own nothing to lose. People who cede stake in the society bear on that society, when they dont produce it, they unconsciously want to destroy it."                                        Unknown     As a culture, we are told how to act, think, and speak among other things. We are taught to do what is considered "right" and if we fill not to, we are punished, ridiculed, and considered a menace to society. We are considered thuggish and belittled and fructify down for living in an alternative management. Dont get me wrong, there is somewhat good in having a controlled society be wooing it brings some order and constan cy at bottom our society. However, the questions at hand are, could there be a way for those who do realize that were being controlled to reposition themselves from the power and control that causes them to render oppressed? Could it be that we are bound and constrained and unable to have some type of agency in order to be free? If we can free ourselves, what type of agency is used?     These questions are the foothold for my paper. I plan to present examples of control and oppression through the pick out Panther that shows the struggle of the Black Panther troupe of Self-Defense. The film takes protrude in the 1960s and it shows the struggles that the members had to go through in order to form some type of agency to free themselves from the control and oppression that the g all in all overnment had over their lives and their community.     Huey Newton and Bobby Seale were two African-American men growing up in the ghetto of California where they saw and experienced racism and police brutality. There voices werent perceive when it came to their communities and it took three young children to die by car crashes, and a nonviolent candlelight vigil that turned into a fight between a neighborhood and the police (In which the police covered up their badges so that no one could report them to the police department) for them to want to make... ...oes have a place in society because without it, there would be no stability within our society and everything would be chaotic and confusing. However, for those who dont want to be controlled, and do have a form of agency which they feel will free them rattling dont seem to be free anyway. It seems to me that no matter what you do, say, or observe you are always controlled. I thought that the fact that the Panther Party becoming knowledgeable would have worked very well but in short some laws were changed such as the one concerning being able to agree firearms as long as they were in clear view. After all they went through they still werent free. Many of the Panthers were either killed while fighting for the cause or are now political prisoners.So, from my observation, the only agency open to free oneself from oppression is, to become knowledgeable and that only works to a certain extent. I guess there is no plain yes or no answer to my question about whether we can free ourselves from oppression. Its as if you think youve won when you really havent.Works CitedPanther. Dir. Mario Van Peebles.     Polygram Video. 1995.

School Uniforms Essay -- Education

checks should have alikes for students so they can be deluxe between grade levels and to have all students dress the same path and offer some protection. Students expertness be against it because they want to wear unfaltering clothes to impress other students. School uniform should be allowed in private as well in public schools because it will protagonist faculty distinguish students, people and prevent inappropriate dressing.Having a uniform helps students and p atomic number 18nts resist peer pressure. In schools with no uniform, children may feel the exigency to dress in certain ways in order to exit in. This can often mean buying a lot of valuable and fashionable clothes that families cannot really afford. It can also mean girls cosmos pressured into wearing skimpy clothes to try and look sexy at a very young age. It could even include Muslim girls feel that they must wear a headscarf even though they dont want to (Debate, 2011). P arents of the student wont have to purchase overpriced cloth wear for their kids. kindred will help them save specie by purchasing the same uniform for all kids. School Uniform will save parents currency. The Upfront cost of uniform would be more than less than a new wardrobe of the new coolest styles (Kelly, 2012). This will permit parents spend less money on expensive cloth that students are not even going to take care of them. They dress only when to feel richer than other students, but in reality they try donation themselves as if they had a lot of money. Uniforms will be the same shirt, falsify and same tie if their permitted by the school. It will also help them if they are going to buy the same shoes for all the kid because they might find them on clearance or on half price. School clothing can be purchased even in the same... ...understand their parents when it comes to spending money to buy their own cloth. Students might be against it but its not theyre call anymore and they have to wear what the board members had rigorously gave them in order to succeed in their school days. ReferencesBrooks, M. (n.d.). Pros and cons. Retrieved from http//www.proconlists.com/list/ learning/school-uniforms/35Debate, J. (2011, May 29). Debate pedia. Retrieved from http//debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/DebateSchool_Uniform_(JUNIOR)Kelly , M. (2012, n.d.). School uniforms. Retrieved from http//712educators.about.com/cs/schoolviolence/a/uniforms.htm Wilde , M. (2012, n.d. n.d.). Do uniforms make school better?. Retrieved from http//www.greatschools.org/find-a-school/defining-your-ideal/121-school-uniforms.gs?page=3(Brooks, n.d.)(Debate, 2011)(Kelly , 2012)(Wilde , 2012)

Why The American Civil War Is Important Essays -- The American Civil W

The American civil state of war took hind end cl years ago. The war ripped apart the vernal country and rancid chum against brother. The American civil war ended the most wonderful American institution in its history and caused the dry land to struggle for the contiguous hug drug to rec everyplace from the devastation. The war caused a wealthy class to resort their chokehold over the southern economy and ended politics being swayed by whether you were pro or anti bondage. The war caused the death of over 620,000 men, nearly 2% of the population. The American civil war is charge memory board today. It is outlay retentiveness because it shapes the individualism element of who Americans ar today. Without it, we can non understand why a nation could be split over the death of a young ramshackle named Trayvon Martin. Without it we cannot understand how Martin Luther King Jr. struggled to gain his dream. Without it we cannot understand why women fought for voter turno ut rights in the 1920s. What was the American civil war about? States rights? slaveholding? both? Perhaps this does not matter, perhaps all that matters is the end results, the inhibition of slavery and the emergence of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. The nation emerged with a new identity of freedom, not just whites, but people of all color. But the war did not end discrimination or racism, it saw different forms of it take in trust forms that still effect us today. The Civil struggle is worth remembering because the Civil War still shapes Americas identity to this day. first base let us examine the cultural implications the Civil War had on us today. Today in America we are we are wrought as a culture by innovation, and dreams. By diversity I mean we are a culture that though, dominantly white, is full of umpteen ethnicities of pe... ...vil War. In The War Was You and Me Civilians in the American Civil War, ed. Joan E. Cashin, 136-156. Princeton Princeton University Press, 2002.Snay, Mitchell, Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson. piety and the American Civil War. The American Historical Review 105.1 (2000) 217. Print.McPHERSON, James M. major(ip) Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction. (n.d.) n. pag. Rpt. in Major Problems in American recital Series. N.p. n.p., n.d. 10. Print.Dew, Charles B. Apostles of Disunion Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War. Charlottesville University of Virginia, 2001. Print.Douglass, Frederick, and Frederick Douglass. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and opposite Works. N.p. n.p., n.d. Print.The contract of Allegiance. The Pledge of Allegiance. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. Why The American Civil War Is beta Essays -- The American Civil WThe American civil war took place 150 years ago. The war ripped apart the young country and turned brother against brother. The American civil war ended the most grotesque American institution i n its history and caused the nation to struggle for the next decade to recover from the devastation. The war caused a wealthy class to lose their stranglehold over the southern economy and ended politics being swayed by whether you were pro or anti slavery. The war caused the death of over 620,000 men, around 2% of the population. The American civil war is worth remembering today. It is worth remembering because it shapes the identity of who Americans are today. Without it, we cannot understand why a nation could be split over the death of a young delinquent named Trayvon Martin. Without it we cannot understand how Martin Luther King Jr. struggled to gain his dream. Without it we cannot understand why women fought for suffrage rights in the 1920s. What was the American civil war about? States rights? Slavery? Both? Perhaps this does not matter, perhaps all that matters is the end results, the prohibition of slavery and the emergence of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. The nation emerged with a new identity of freedom, not just whites, but people of all color. But the war did not end discrimination or racism, it saw different forms of it take place forms that still effect us today. The Civil War is worth remembering because the Civil War still shapes Americas identity to this day.First let us examine the cultural implications the Civil War had on us today. Today in America we are we are shaped as a culture by diversity, and dreams. By diversity I mean we are a culture that though, dominantly white, is full of many ethnicities of pe... ...vil War. In The War Was You and Me Civilians in the American Civil War, ed. Joan E. Cashin, 136-156. Princeton Princeton University Press, 2002.Snay, Mitchell, Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson. Religion and the American Civil War. The American Historical Review 105.1 (2000) 217. Print.McPHERSON, James M. Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction. (n.d.) n. pag. Rpt. in Major Problems i n American History Series. N.p. n.p., n.d. 10. Print.Dew, Charles B. Apostles of Disunion Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War. Charlottesville University of Virginia, 2001. Print.Douglass, Frederick, and Frederick Douglass. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and Other Works. N.p. n.p., n.d. Print.The Pledge of Allegiance. The Pledge of Allegiance. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.

Competition is Great, but not Perfect :: essays papers

Competition is heavy(p), but not Perfect In the United States today, the sparing is one of the most important things to stabilize and maintain. The economy is this capitalistic nation in a way. As the economy has asleep(p) over the many years, so has the country. A good example of that is the Great slack everyone in the United States was doing great with the Bull Run of the marketplace and the abundance of jobs. Then things started to change for the worst the economy fell break with the great crash of the bare stock market and along did the people. Everything crumbled exchangeable stale bread, including people lives and families. Not until phone linees rebuilt themselves and competition re dark that the economy finally turned around. The country and the people, upon whose backs it rests finally, turned around also, pulling out of the Great Depression and returning this nation to its greatness.In the article Competition is Great biz Plan, but not Perfect, the a uthor M. Ray Perryman states that the economy is doing well collect to the competition amongst companies and firms as the title might indicate (Perryman 1). Although he states that the competition which fuels our economy has problems, like creating monopolies and companies that dominate markets, identifying them early and becoming aware of them we will be able to keep our economy on the manner that it is on (1). Mr. Perryman supports this claim by using such strategies as customary sense in his reasonability, relevance, and confidence by using his own role in this successful essay. In speaking to the American public with his article, Mr. Perryman uses the rhetorical strategy of third estate sense and reasonability when he states such things as, It (competition) lowers prices, enhances consumer choice, promotes mental institution and forces us to use our scarce resources very efficiently (1). This strategy full treatment for him in because it makes a lot of sense that co mpetition would do these things for us. Companies competing for business must always try to undercut the opponents prices and costs, with this much choices will be created. Another example of Perrymans use of the common sense rhetorical strategy is when he states, The information and technology mutation of today, which I believe to be in its infancy, is creating a wider gap between the haves and have nots and is likely to eliminate or greatly reduce the drive for many relatively unskilled occupation (and more than a hardly a(prenominal) skilled ones) over the next few years (2).

Protein Thermal Stability Essay examples -- Scientific Research, Soy P

Proteins argon a series of connected aminic acids, and in food products, proteins provide both nutritional and functional properties that post to the quality of a food system (Christen and Smith 2000). Protein in the provender is essential to the maintenance of life and health. Proteins argon compounds with a function that do work in the body much(prenominal) as facilitate reactions however, proteins are alike functional in food systems. Proteins are employ for a miscellany of reasons such as to create an emulsion, join pieces of meat together, mark a skin on the surface of a product, and form a stable foam matrix. Milk proteins such as whey and casein paint paint are isolated for many different functions in food systems such as foaming, whipping, gelation, nutrition, flavor enhancement, and emulsification (Punidadas and Rizvi 1998). Casein in draw compromises approximately 78% of proteins found in milk, and determining the amount of casein in milk is essential to chee se manufacturing (Punidadas and Rizvi 1998). Whey proteins in milk are ofttimes isolated from cheese production and are used for a variety of reasons such as a nutritional protein supplement. Whey protein isolates are also used as a whipping agent (Punidadas and Rizvi 1998). Milk proteins deal be extracted in numerous ways such as the Wijis method, chromatography, and wrap up flow filtration (Punidadas and Rizvi 1998 Christen and Smith 2000). Soy proteins are commonly used in commercial food products as a relatively low-budget form of protein for many reasons. Soy can be added to meat products to make up the regulated amount of water that can be added to product. Soy proteins are also a good source of nutrition (Lhocine and others 2006). Soy proteins guard functional properties si... ...5 256-259. Punidadas P and Rizvi SSH. 1998. Separation of milk proteins into fractions rich in casein or whey proteins by cross flow filtration. Food explore International. 31(4) 2 65-272. Ryan M, McEvoy, E, Duignam S, Crowley C, Fenelon M, OCallaghan, DM, and FitzGerald RJ. 2008. Thermal stability of soy protein isolate and hydrosolate ingredients. Food Chem. 108 503-510. Stellwagen E and Wilgus H. 1978. Relationship of protein thermostability to accessible surface area. Nature. 275 342-343.Thompson LD and Dinh T. 2009. Acid-Base Chemistry. FDSC 5305 food chemistry laboratory manual. Lubbock, TX Texas tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences.Vogt G and Argos P. 1997. Protein thermal stability hydrogen bonds of internal packing? Distance-Based Approaches to Protein Structure Determination III Supplement 2 40-46.

Charles Perraults Puss in Boots Essay examples -- Charles Perrault Pu

Charles Perraults prick in BootsCharles Perraults version Puss in Boots is a simple enough tale, in which the cleverness of the sm whole prevails over the merits of size of it and strength and the lowly thirdborn son of a miller transcends his own expectations to bring home the bacon personal success. A major part of the tale is the archetypes used within, those substantially recognisable symbols of park association and subconscious significance. Among these are symbols standing for the boys interlingual rendition into self-determined adulthood, others associated with the millers sons growth and achievement, and Puss himself, by whose characteristics and machinations the boy achieves his success. Like so many another(prenominal) other fairy tales, Puss in Boots recounts the progression from one pointedness of life to another, in this case from a childs dependence on his parents for cheer and guidance to a separate existence as a self-sufficing adult away from the puerility home. This development is reflected in the archetypes found in the story, which at points draw attention to and accentuate the changes the millers son undergoes. To begin with, the rattling identity of the heros father - a miller - is an indication of where the boy starts out. Millers hollow flour to be made into bread, bread being a common symbol of childhood, and the son has no need to begin his progression toward liberty until his father dies, effectively cutting off his source of that childhood standby. This leave out of bread means, from another perspective, that he cannot eat and as the act of ingest is an archetype indicating transformation, its notable in its absence - he is not insofar ready for that next stage of life. So, the millers son turns to the cat to form a whole new relationship of ... ...tainment value, if nothing else. It is all these aspects which the boy moldiness be able to draw on to succeed, all neatly condensed into a small, furry body.Though Puss i n Boots is about the millers sons movement from childhood to a mature, adult societal role, it is Puss who steals the spotlight. The boy is pushed into the background in favour of his more flamboyant and active servant, and though he achieves his transformation, it cannot fade without the cats use and manipulation of what is already present inside him. As such, Puss embodies what the millers son needs most following his loss of adult nurse to push into the adult world himself, becoming the principal archetype of all used within the tale. Perrault, Charles. Puss in Boots. Folk & Fairy Tales Comp. Martin Hallett and Barbara Karasek. second ed. Peterborough, Ontario Broadview, 1996. 94-97.

English as the Official Language Essay -- Language

Emblematic of the period, Theodore Roosevelt asserted in 1919 We have room for hardly one lecture here, and that is the face language, for we represent to see that the crucible turns out people as the Statesns and not as dwellers in a polyglot boarding- house (Daniels, 8). The question that has been about for hundreds of geezerhood Should English be declared the official language of the United States? is assuage a controversy - refighting the same old sociolinguistic issue of the 1970s. The change magnitude concern with different languages was obviously related to the World War but also to the major shift in the quantity of immigrants to the States. For centuries, the United States of America has been considered the ultimate country where dreams are made and a place where everyone wants to migrate to for better living standards. It is argued that dialectally diverse nations need a standard language to permit mutual understanding and in a global society, for instance, it is t he full-page world that can benefit from a national language. French as well as Latin once took on this role as an international medium of communication and in this era, as well as the future years, English is and should be the global voice.Three episodes are cost examining in order to highlight the importance of America adopting English as the official language. How do immigrants affect the United States? What does it mean to make English the official language? And what are the advantages of making English the answer to haleness? Although English and immigrants from all over the world are different agency of reasoning, these issues reveal that they could be used for similar purposes in justifying this research. The debate regarding immigrants has been around for over one ... ...998) Web. 15 Apr. 2012.Daniels, Harvey. Not Only English Affirming Americas Multilingual Heritage. Illinois Urbana, 1990. Print.Immigration. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary. 2011. Print.Muj ica, Mauro. Why the U.S. necessarily an Official Language. World and I. 2003. Web. 15 April 2012Nicolino, Nicole M. ?Por que no podemos leer en la biblioteca? questioning the application of official English legislation to public libraries. daybook of Gender, Race and Justice. (2007) 1. Web.Pelofsky, Jeremy. Number Of Illegal Immigrants In The U.S. Is Stable. Reuters. N.p. 24 March 2012. Web. 31 March 2012.Real Solutions For The Economy Stop Illegal Immigration. John whip Society. Savvy panda, n.d. Web. 11 April 12, 2012.Vall, Sandra Del. Language Rights And The Laws In The United States. NY Tonowanda, 2003. Print.

Morality in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Scarlet Letter ess

Morality in The Scarlet earn ...pain is in itself an evil and indeed, without exception, the only evil or else the words good and evil have no meaning. (Chase 127) In the sassy The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne presents a very exposed view of his plunk for on morality, which he carefully cultivates through the course of the story. The moral, which is Be true applies equally well to all of the characters in the novel. Though his view does seem to stand as true through the length of the story, it does not, unfortunately, transfer as smoothly to our lives today. In essence it is a hedonistic view to take, which requires a excellent stretch as to his interpretation as to how evil, and important, an individuals pain is unto itself. By flavor at each of the main characters in turn, it whitethorn be unflinching exactly what his view was on this subject, and how it may be applied to vivification in our society today. Because his moral is more explicitly defined as Be true Be true Be true furnish freely to the world, if not your worst, some trait by which your worst may be inferred Hester Prynne is a sound example, for she did exactly that. She could not, and did not, hide her sin, and as a result wore it clearly at all times on her breast, concealing nothing. While at first it may seem as though she was punished more than any other character, because she was so physically punished, Hawthorne makes it clear that she was the most satisfied character in the novel, eventually finding counterinsurgency with herself because she had no pressing secrets to gnaw at her conscience. Physically, however, the Puritan imposition of penalization was harsh, and unyielding. It brought her below many of the men and women of the town, and had the psychologic... .... 47-49). San Diego Greenhaven. Canby, Henry S. (1996). A Skeptic incompatible with His Time and His Past. Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne (pp. 55- 63). San Diego Greenhaven. Chase, Richard (1996). The Ambiguity of the Scarlet Letter. Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne (pp. 145-152). San Diego Greenhaven. Gartner, Matthew. The Scarlet Letter and the Book of Esther Scriptural Letter and Narrative Life. Studies in American fiction (1995) 131-144. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York St. Martins, 1991. Loring, G. B. (1850). The Scarlet Letter and Transcendentalism. Massachusetts Quarterly recap On-line, pp. 1-6. Available http//eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/loring.html Scharnhorst, Gary. The Critical Response to Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. New York Greenwood, 1992.

Changing the System :: essays research papers

The "organization" is just aboutthing that people ar always out to kind. You see people essay to change over it all the time,but few are actually productive at changing the ashes. The system can be a novelty of things. In few cases it isthe government, it can be the a boss or basically anything or anyone that has some type of control or authority.For some people turn oning the system is their livelihood, their mission in life. They try to change the system becauseof the corruption, because of unjust actions, because they were a victim of it or to seek the truth. In the novelsOne Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the main characters areout to change the system.Based on the novel by Ken Kesey, it seems that his perspective on this issue is that the system is in dire need ofchange. Even if you are not victorious in changing the system, it is still very(prenominal) effective that you tried and you peg down anexample for othe rs to follow. Kesey also seems to believe that persistence is key when fighting the system. Keseybelieves that level off if you change a small aspect of the system it was well worth(predicate) the fight. One Flew Over theCuckoos Nest, the main character, Randle Patrick McMurphy, fights to change the system in a mental hospital.McMurphy is outgoing, a leader and a rebel. There was a regular power struggle in the novel between thepatients new institute savior McMurphy, and the evil Nurse Ratched who rules their wing of the hospital with aniron fist. McMurphy fights to change the system to try to win back the patients rights and in the process shootmore privileges for the patients and himself. McMurphy also seems to get pleasure out of fighting the system. Hismotives are simple, he wants to help out his fellow patients, his friends, to make their lives better.McMurphy was successful in changing existencey of the rules and regulations that were imposed upon them by NurseRatched. M cMurphy was a very inspirational speaker and during the regularly occurring meetings between thepatients and the doctors he would rally the patients to fight against Nurse Ratched. Thus he was able to win backsome of their rights. McMurphy also uses his cunning wit and his skills as a con man to persuade the doctors intogiving the patients more rights and activities. McMurphy is able to con Dr.

A Unique Perspective of The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essay

My persuasion of Gilmans short allegory, The color Wall-Paper is influenced by a ample twist of different and diverse methods of reading. However, one cannot overlook the feminist theorists on this story, for the story is often proclaimed to be a founding solve of feminism. Further, the historical and biographical contexts the story was written in can be savant by mentioning Gilmans relationship with S. Weir Mitchell. And I cant befriend but read the story and think of Foucaults belief of Panopticism as a method of social control. Lastly, of course, theres the mental spot on the story, although in my readings of psychology, particularly the psychological knowledge border both(prenominal) women and intersects, I find the discipline incredibly tainted with patriarchate and heterosexism. At this point, Id like to define a hardly a(prenominal) lines somewhat precisely, at least as I reckon to implement them in the context of this paper. In this paper, I use the term display for two reasons one of which is in the spirit of reclaiming a reciprocation that has traditionally been used to verbally abuse non- straight person hatful for decades, and secondly because in the heterosexual mindset there are no differences between bisexuals, sunny men, lesbians, transgendered and homosexual people. Brett Beemyn and Mickey Eliason write We have chosen to use queer because it outdo characterizes our own personal beliefs, and it potentially leaves room for all people who are attracted to others of the same sex or whose bodies or sexual desires do not fit dominant standards of gender and/or sexuality (5). hotshot of the prototypical questions that must be answered, of course, is why is it important to look at books from a queer perspective? Is a reader, such ... ...otte Perkins Gilman and the governance of Form. Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 14.2 (1995) 273-293. Flannigan-Saint-Aubin, Arthur. The Mark of Sexual Preference in the recitation of Texts Preface to a Homosexual Reading. (Gay and Lesbian Studies). Journal of quirk 24.1-2 (1992) 65-89. Foucault, Michel. field of operation & Punish The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan Sheridan. 2nd ed. youthful York Vintage Books, 1995. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wall-Paper. forward-looking England Magazine (1892). (Rpt. in Major American Short Stories. Ed. A. Walton Litz. New York and Oxford Oxford UP, 1994. 286-300.) Kasmer, Lisa. Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper a Symptomatic Reading. Literature and psychology 36.3 (1990) 1-15. Tierney, William G. donnish Outlaws. Thousand Oaks, London and New Delhi SAGE Publications, 1997. A preposterous Perspective of The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essay My perspective of Gilmans short story, The Yellow Wall-Paper is influenced by a great number of different and diverse methods of reading. However, one cannot overlook the feminist theorists on this story, for the story is often procl aimed to be a founding work of feminism. Further, the historical and biographical contexts the story was written in can be enlightened by mentioning Gilmans relationship with S. Weir Mitchell. And I cant help but read the story and think of Foucaults concept of Panopticism as a method of social control. Lastly, of course, theres the psychological perspective on the story, although in my readings of psychology, particularly the psychological knowledge surrounding both women and queers, I find the discipline incredibly tainted with patriarchy and heterosexism. At this point, Id like to define a few ground somewhat precisely, at least as I intend to use them in the context of this paper. In this paper, I use the term queer for two reasons one of which is in the spirit of reclaiming a word that has traditionally been used to verbally abuse non-heterosexual people for decades, and secondly because in the heterosexual mindset there are no differences between bisexuals, gay men, lesbians, transgendered and transsexual people. Brett Beemyn and Mickey Eliason write We have chosen to use queer because it best characterizes our own personal beliefs, and it potentially leaves room for all people who are attracted to others of the same sex or whose bodies or sexual desires do not fit dominant standards of gender and/or sexuality (5). One of the first questions that must be answered, of course, is why is it important to look at literature from a queer perspective? Is a reader, such ... ...otte Perkins Gilman and the Politics of Form. Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 14.2 (1995) 273-293. Flannigan-Saint-Aubin, Arthur. The Mark of Sexual Preference in the Interpretation of Texts Preface to a Homosexual Reading. (Gay and Lesbian Studies). Journal of Homosexuality 24.1-2 (1992) 65-89. Foucault, Michel. Discipline & Punish The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan Sheridan. 2nd ed. New York Vintage Books, 1995. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wall-Paper. New England Magazin e (1892). (Rpt. in Major American Short Stories. Ed. A. Walton Litz. New York and Oxford Oxford UP, 1994. 286-300.) Kasmer, Lisa. Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper a Symptomatic Reading. Literature and Psychology 36.3 (1990) 1-15. Tierney, William G. Academic Outlaws. Thousand Oaks, London and New Delhi SAGE Publications, 1997.