Into The Wild By John Krakauer Essay example - 557 Words

Obligation to Family The book â€Å"Into the Wild† by Jon Krakauer is a story about a man by the name of Chris McCandless. He is a man who grew up in a DC suburb, graduated college and decides to change the ways of his life. He journeys across the country, and finds his way to Alaska. His means are to leave the material lifestyle and become at one with nature. During Chris’s adventure he seems to neglect all communication with his family and over look the fact that they care about his health and future. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After Chris graduated high school he traveled the country and seldom kept in touch with his family. After being on the road for weeks Chris finally returned home, but within the next couple of days he would be†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;While Chris traveled the country he stopped in different towns and tried to work for some extra traveling cash. He came across a town in South Dakota called Carthage. He worked for a man by the name of Wayne Westerburg. Chris went by his new name Alex and Westerburg comes to find out, Alex’s real name is Chris McCandless. Westerburg says, â€Å"He never explained why he changed his name†¦From the things he said, you could tell that something wasn’t right between him and his family†¦Ã¢â‚¬  By Westerburg stating this it is safe to say that other people can see the difficult relationship Chris has with his family. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During Chris’s journey he never really opens up to anyone about his family. He doesn’t really show any affection towards them and if any it would be toward his sister Carnie. He writes in a letter to her stating that he is going to divorce his parents. The last time his parents saw him was after his graduation. Chris told his parents â€Å" I think I’m going to disappear for a while† and that is the last they ever heard of him again. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Chris McCandless to me was a very intelligent but stubborn man. He didn’t care about how his family felt. All along his quest to the stampede trail Chris was kind to strangers and others but neglected the fact that his family back home worried about him. In the end Chris became at one with nature but realized that his surroundings (meaning familyShow MoreRelatedInto The Wild By John Krakauer1735 Words   |  7 PagesInto the Wild Analysis John Krakauer’s depiction of the tragic life of Chris McCandless in the award winning novel â€Å"Into the Wild† creates different schools of thought that brew a perfect storm for debate. Krakauer’s polarizing style is what makes it so special, because no two people will feel the same way as they experience the journey of McCandless. One of the highly discussed topics of the novel relates to the idea that Chris’ journey of self-discovery in his quest for â€Å"ultimate freedom† is inherentlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Into The Wild By John Krakauer1015 Words   |  5 Pagesbreath of the wild for the brave few is enough to free the spirit from the bonds of society. One such freed spirit, author John Krakauer, wrote in his work Into the Wild about the accounts of men quite like himself. John Krakauer, in contrast to the adventurous men he writes about, is a survivor of his own ventures. Throughout his writing, he parallels the nature of a select few zealou s adventurers with his own nature as well as the nature of his primary focus, Christopher McCandless. Krakauer draws connectionsRead MoreJohn Krakauer s Into The Wild847 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Krakauer’s novel Into The Wild, tells the story of a young man who intends to disappear from society, and contains numerous relatable themes. Although difficult for many to understand his reasoning in doing so, Krakauer intends to demonstrate to readers the positives and negatives of such an experience. Upon thorough examination of this piece of writing, it is possible to truly gain a vast amount of self-knowledge in relation to the text. A tale full of invitations to face ourselves, John Krakauer’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Into The Wild By John Krakauer1309 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book Into the Wild written by John Krakauer, Chris McCandless plans to abandon his life and live off the land, traveling from South Dakota all the way to Las Vegas and many other remote locations in the U.S. There was something inside of Chris that drew him into the wilderness. In May of 1990, Chris took off, abandoning everything and everyone and set off into the wild, where he had big plans for his next two years. In the summer of 1992, Chris McCandless turned up dead in Alaska. A seriesRead MoreAnalysis Of Into The Wild By John Krakauer769 Words   |  4 Pagessold his apartment, and packed his remaining possessions to live on the road, travelling across the United States. The young 24 year old man was found dead in the wilderness of Alaska in September of 1992 after his long journey. Into The Wild, written by John Krakauer, is the story of a man’s journey soley based on pursuing a life of non conformity. There are many who believe that McCandless was crazy for what he did and that it was his ignorance that killed him. Throughout the whole book he shuts manyRead MoreThe Search For Truth in Into the Wild by John Krakauer1983 Words   |  8 PagesMcCandless was bor n February 12, 1968 in El Segundi, California. Later on, due to Walt McCandless, Christophers father, success as an aerospace engineer [Christopher] was raised in the comfortable upper middle class environs of Annandale, Virginia(Krakauer 14). Similarly to many people today, Walt McCandless made injurious decisions; during the birth of Christopher and his sister, Carine, Walt was still married. In turn, this leaves them to be bastard children. Christopher was an intellectual thatRead MoreUse of Literary Techniques in Into The Wild, by John Krakauer1073 Words   |  5 Pagesto a man on an extraordinary path that led to his eventual demise and truthfully telling the somber story of Christopher McCandless. Krakauer enhances the story by using irony to establish Chris’s unique personality. The author also uses Characterization the give details about Chris’s lifestyle and his choices that affect his journey. Another literary element Krakauer uses is theme. The many themes in the story attract a diverse audience. Krakauer’s telling is world famous for being the truest, andRead More Chris McCandless is NOT a Hero in the Book, Into the Wild by John Krakauer507 Words   |  2 PagesMany people have read the story â€Å"Into the Wild† By Jon Krakauer, when mentioning the name Chris McCandless he is either viewed as hero or as a dumb man. The people who view him as a hero tend to believe that he was determined enough to want to do something. Others view him as an idiot who just wanted attention. Him being unprepared and not knowing much about how to survive in the wild made McCandless an idiot, the dumb jerk. Also causing him to be a poor role model to multiple people causing themRead MoreEssay about The Call of the Wild Versus Into the Wild1246 Words   |  5 PagesChris McCandless and Buck serve as examples of the archetype of the wild through their experiences of leaving where they feel most comfortable and answering the call of the wild . They show that each experience is inimitable because the wild is unique to every individual. For Buck, the wild is a place outside of civilization and his dependence on man, where the external threats of nature exist and he must prove himself as a true animal with instincts for survival. In McCandless case, the placeRead MoreAnalysis Of Jon Krakauer s Into The Wild1555 Words   |  7 PagesERWC Cagley December 9, 2014 Life on the Road? In Jon Krakauer’s Into the Wild, A young man named Chris McCandless decides to escape the annoyance of his current life and live on the road, he pursues an incredible journey of adventure, danger and companionship. McCandless is a narcissist and believes that he can overcome any challenges that he faces because he is independent and is smarter than the average person. Krakauer emphasizes that arrogance will lead to failure in life; Just like McCandless

Crime Against Women - 2537 Words

RISING CRIME AGAINST WOMEN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. The rising crime rate against women especially children in developing countries is appalling. The lethargy of law enforcement agencies have rendered otherwise tough laws redundant. Corruption is the worst nightmare for women. India a relatively safe country has become dangerous for women, where even 4 year old girls are not safe in their own homes. Shameful for a country which worships goddesses and virgin girls. There is a desperate need for Human Rights Activism which will be free of local interferences. There should be a human rights courts having a single world office where all crimes against women must be tried and punished, taking out local tampering. Since the world has become a†¦show more content†¦In other countries such as Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam public urination is practised by women when there are no toilets. Resisting urination leads to harassment and UTI in women. [6] [7] [8] [9] [edit] Dowry Main articles: Dowry and Dowry law in India In 1961, the Government of India passed the Dowry Prohibition Act,[10] making the dowry demands in wedding arrangements illegal. However, many cases of dowry-related domestic violence, suicides and murders have been reported. In the 1980s, numerous such cases were reported. However, recent reports show that the number of these crimes have reduced drastically.[11] In 1985, the Dowry Prohibition (maintenance of lists of presents to the bride and bridegroom) rules were framed.[12] According to these rules, a signed list of presents given at the time of the marriage to the bride and the bridegroom should be maintained. The list should contain a brief description of each present, its approximate value, the name of whoever has given the present and his/her relationship to the person. A 1997 report[13] claimed that at least 5,000 women die each year because of dowry deaths, and at least a dozen die each day in kitchen fires thought to be intentional. The term for this is bride burning and isShow MoreRelatedPreventive Measures Towards Crime Against Women2369 Words   |  10 Pagestowards crime against women Violence against women  is a  technical term  used to collectively refer to violent acts that are primarily or exclusively committed against  women. Similar to a  hate crime, this type of violence targets a specific group with the victims  gender  as a primary motive. The  United Nations General Assembly  defines violence against women as  any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in,  physical,  sexual  or  mental harm or suffering to women, includingRead MoreCrime Against Women and Challenges to Overcome Them5619 Words   |  23 Pagesâ€Å"Crimes against women and challenges in abolishing the crimes† ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- SUBMITTED BY: - Ritu Rajput DATE OF BIRTH:-28-09-1991 ADDRESS:-H.NO 1162 SECTOR-K AASHIANA COLONY LUCKNOW (U.P) TELEPHONE NO.:-07376756042 EMAIL: - riturajput.amity@gmail.com ------------------------------------------------- AMITY LAW UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW (UTTAR PRADESH) BA.LLB (2010-2015) 3rd YEAR, Semester VI Read MoreViolence Against Women s Violence872 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Violence against women unfortunately is a very prevalent and critical issue in our society. It is a worldwide but still hidden problem. Freedom from the threat of harassment, battering, and sexual assault is a concept that most of us have a hard time imagining because violence is such a deep part of our cultures and our lives. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), it is estimated that 84,376 forcible rapes were reported to law enforcement in 2012, estimated at 52Read MoreEssay on SHELTER FROM THE STORM1555 Words   |  7 Pagesfacing men and women in the United States. The only way to put an end to domestic violence is to acknowledge it and report it. With the help of the government, local charities and the concern of Tucson community members, many different resources have been created to help and support victims of domestic violence as well as rape. Every year in the United States hundreds of thousands of domestic violence crimes are committed, many of which go unreported. According to a National Crime VictimizationRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women : Statistical Analysis1595 Words   |  7 Pagesarticles for this purposes which are Hackett s 2011 article, Domestic Violence Against Women: Statistical Analysis of Crimes Across India, and Hunter and Graham-Bermann s 2013 article, Intimate Partner Violence and Child Adjustment: Moderation by Father Contact?. Domestic Violence Against Women: Statistical Analysis of Crimes Across India The hypotheses for â€Å"Domestic Violence Against Women: Statistical Analysis of Crimes Across India† article was developed by reviewing obtainable writings on wife-beatingRead More Violence Against Women Act of 1994 Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesintervention against this crime contributed to the systematic abuse of women in the family. The traditions, customs, and common law found in both British and American societies continued right up until the last decade of the 20th century and left the battered wives and very frequently, her children, at the mercy of the husband. It wasn’t until the 1990’s when the government began to do something to protect mothers, wives, and lovers from intimate partner violence (Ball, 2002). The Violence against WomenRead MoreGender Based Violence1089 Words   |  4 PagesLosing Face There has been violence toward women throughout the world since the existence of human beings. Violence is when a man is taking some sort of action to take control of the victim and in the result the person is left psychologically and physically damaged and living in fear. Also the development of the person’s personality and leading a normal life is harmed. One of the worst type of violence is acid throwing which is also sometimes referred to as â€Å"crime of passion†. The reason for it usuallyRead MoreFemale Abusers : Women And Women925 Words   |  4 PagesFemale Abusers When most people think of abusers, their minds go straight towards the stereotypical picture of a man beating a women but men are not the only partners in a relationship that can be abusive. Women also violent towards their intimate partners, it is not just a male crime. The stereotyping of males being the abusers has partly contributed to the reason why there isn’t a lot of data on female abusers. It wasn’t until recently that psychologist had started do research in this field. SomeRead MoreLaws Against Domestic Violence in Pakistan are Insufficient to Protect Victims of Abuse796 Words   |  4 Pagesdetailing and identifying domestic crimes and the punishment of such crimes. Although domestic violence is not specifically recognized, some elements of domestic abuse and violence are covered within different subheadings of the Pakistani Penal code. For instance, the laws recognize their role in protecting individuals from real and\or perceived emotional, psychological, mental, physical and\or economic abuse and harm. Therefore, laws from the subheading of harms against the human body can be extendedRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women : Statistical Analysis1595 Words   |  7 Pagesarticles for this purposes which are Hackett s 2011 article, Domestic Violence Against Women: Statistical Analysis of Crimes Across India, and Hunter and Graham-Bermann s 2013 article, Intimate Partner Violence and Child Adjustment: Moderation by Father Contact?. Domestic Violence Against Women: Statistical Analysis of Crimes Across India The hypotheses for â€Å"Domestic Violence Against Women: Statistical Analysis of Crimes Across India† article was developed by reviewing obtainable writings on wife-beating

Pathology and Contemporary Treatment Alternatives Free Essays

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, asthma is a complex disease on the rise in the United States. Most at risk include poor or inner city minorities that present with inordinately high rates of mortality resulting from the condition (CDC, 2005). Asthma may also be on the rise due to environmental factors including increased pollution and exposure to environmental toxins that may affect lung capacity (CDC, 2005; Hwang et. We will write a custom essay sample on Pathology and Contemporary Treatment Alternatives or any similar topic only for you Order Now al, 2005; Yang, et. al, 1997; Wickman, et. al, 2003). Asthma is a serious, potentially life threatening condition for the millions of sufferers worldwide. Doctors are still working to determine the cause of this disease and finding new ways to treat it. While there is no cure for asthma yet, researchers have uncovered multiple treatment alternatives that help patients with asthma effectively control their condition. Education, public response and intervention are all critical success factors for predicting the quality of life for patients with asthma now and in the future. Research supports the use of a defined set of treatment protocols for assisting patients with asthma lead a better quality of life. The basis for treatment, anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract and pathology of asthma in patients are all discussed in greater detail below. Normal Lung Function and Respiratory System The human body has two lungs located on either side of the chest. The lungs functions include passing oxygen from outside the body into our bloodstream and releasing waste materials in the form of carbon dioxide back into the environment (Gershwin Klingelhofer, 1992). During each breath the body inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide (Polk, 18). Oxygen combines with carbohydrates and fat in the body to product energy. During the process of creating energy water and carbon dioxide are formed that are expelled through breathing. The lungs consist of several anatomical structures including the bronchial tubes that enable expansion and constriction of the muscles in the lungs and chest. These tubes consist of muscles that allow air to pass deep in to the lungs. Bronchial tubes consistently change width, increasing in girth as an individual inhales and becoming narrower upon exhalation. In a person with a well functioning respiratory system all parts of the airway function synergistically to ensure maximum intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide with each breath. Air enters the body through the nose and mouth. It passes through the pharynx, larynx and trachea, all important parts of the airway (Polk, 18). The noses and sinuses act as conditioners adjusting the air temperature as it passes through other structures in the airway. The pharynx or back of the throat allows liquids and solids entering the airway to â€Å"drop out before entering the lungs† (Polk, 19). Likewise the larynx helps prevent other unwanted particles in the air from entering the lungs (Polk, 19). It is here that the body’s cough reflex lies. If something unwanted is present in the air being inhaled, the larynx will stimulate a cough reflex to help expel the object. While the larynx isn’t the only trigger for a cough reflect it is very important to the entire breathing process (Polk, 19). When a person inhales, the chest muscles in the body contract allowing the ribs to separate slightly. Air is then drawn into the lungs. The opposite happens when an individual exhales, allowing air to forcefully come out of the lungs. The abdomen is also involved in breathing. The abdomen attaches to the front and back of the ribs, pushing them up and out when breathing. Breathing thus incorporates the chest and abdomen. The more a person engages all the muscles and organs involved in respiration including the abdomen, the better able they are to take a full breath of air. In times of old doctors ascribed asthma to anyone having difficulty breathing regardless of the cause; during the 20th century however researchers refined asthma to include difficult breathing â€Å"Because of a problem that begins in the bronchial tubes of the lungs† (Polk, 15). Asthma is a complex disorder that doctors are still working to fully understand. While doctors have uncovered many potential causes for asthma, they are still not certain what exactly causes it and how to prevent it 100 percent in all patients. In patients with asthma, the ability of the bronchial tubes to adjust their width is often diminished, resulting in difficulty breathing. Children are often at increased risk for developing asthma, as their bronchial tubes are narrower to begin with than adult tubes, thus less change in width is evident even in healthy lungs. Exercise induced asthma is a form of asthma that results when the air present in the nose and sinuses isn’t prepared appropriately to pass through other parts of the airway (Polk, 19). Normally this form of asthma is easier to treat than severe forms of asthma whose cause is unknown (Hogshead, 1989; Guyton, 1991). During a bronchospasm attach involuntary spasms may prevent lung tissue from expanding to their normal size. Air can become trapped in the lungs. Cellular and structural changes often occur within the airway and lungs of patients with asthma, including thickening of the airway wall and inflammation (Saetta Turato, 2001). Normally as air passes through the lungs the bronchiols or airways get smaller. In a patient with uncontrolled asthma however, the sides of the airways typically become enlarged or inflamed (CDC, 2005). During an acute attack, the muscles or bronchiols surrounding the airways constrict, thus reducing the amount of air a person can pass in and out of their lungs (CDC, 2005). Once this constriction begins, mucus starts forming in the airways, causing even greater constriction and distress. Typical symptoms associated with an asthma attack include wheezing, chest pain and tightness, coughing and difficulty breathing (CDC, 2005). No one is immune from asthma. Children, adults and the elderly are all at risk. Some people are more at risk than others including people who smoke, those with seasonal allergies and anyone with recurring acute respiratory infections (CDC, 2005). Signs of asthma include physical qualities of the disease a patient, family member or doctor can easily identify such as dyspnea (trouble breathing) (Polk, 7). Symptoms include complaints generally associated with the condition, and may include headaches or chest pain, skin flushing and itching (Polk, 8). Dyspnea results from multiple conditions other than asthma including infections, allergies, foreign bodies present in the airway and associated factors (Polk, 8). It is important a clinician differentiate between asthma and other causes of the disease. Basis Contemporary Treatments For Managing Asthma The National Asthma Education and Prevention Panel consistently work with doctors to develop contemporary treatments to manage asthma (Moonie, et. al, 2005). Many of these treatments are based on empirical research that supports reduction of patients symptoms and prevention of chronic attacks. The goal of contemporary asthma care and treatment includes â€Å"control of asthma and good quality of life for asthmatic patients† (Gaga, et. al, 80). The basis for much of contemporary care is empirical based research, though trends are changing in an attempt to encourage doctors to improve patient awareness and education. Many asthma drugs historically are administered through inhalation. Inhalers are often prescribed â€Å"on an empirical basis rather than on evidence based awareness: (Virchow, 24). Much of the asthma management guidelines currently available offer â€Å"non-specific advice regarding inhaler choice† (Virchow, 24). As such it is important that GP work with patients to decide what the ideal inhaler is for all patients involved. The ideal inhaler according to Virchow (2005) is one that (1) is breath activated, â€Å"releasing medication only when all prerequisites for successful inhalation are met, (2) has a low intrinsic airflow resistance so children and elderly patients may use it and (3) is one that provides a flow-independent deposition of drugs in the lungs as well as feedback that reassures patients whether the drugs has been inhaled properly (24). Newman (2005) suggests the pressured metered-doze inhaler or pMDI delivers asthma medications in a reliable â€Å"multi-dose presentation† (1177). Key components of this devices help determine the amount of drug delivered to the patient. The researcher further suggests that pMDIs can be developed that are breath actuated and coordinated with â€Å"spray-velocity modifiers† to help patients unable to use â€Å"conventional press and breathe pMDI’s correctly† (Newman, 1177). Modern or contemporary pMDI’s according to Newman should also contain non-ozone depleting propellants, a sentiment confirmed by Virchow (2005) as well. Patients with severe refractory asthma require more comprehensive treatment. High-doses of inhaled corticosteroids are often insufficient for treating this form of asthma. Most require contemporary treatments including oral corticosteroid administration and use of immunosuppressants (Sano, Adachi, Kiuchi Miyamoto, 2005). Chronic use of these drugs however present a high risk for adverse side effects. A study conducted by Sano, et. al (2005) suggests that nebulized sodium cromoglycate â€Å"is expected to be a new second-line therapeutic option in severe asthma† (1). Gaga, et. al (2005) suggests that many doctors are not achieving good quality of life and control of asthma for patients. Their study of treatment outcomes for asthmatic patients in specialized care suggests that contemporary treatments should include more patient education combined with increased use of LABAs (Long-acting beta2-agonists) and leukotriene antagonists to help prevent bronchoconstriction and improve quality of life for patients. Despite multiple contemporary treatment choices, managing acute severe asthma attacks still present a tremendous health challenge to health care professionals (Barnard, 2005). Contemporary guidelines for treating acute emergency attacks currently include treatment with oxygen and inhaled beta 2 agonists, which can be administered continuously to help preserve life in acute patients (Barnard, 532). Patients discharged after such treatment should also engage in review of current medications and consider â€Å"a short course of oral steroids, a written asthma action plan and detailed advice about deterioration that may occur within 48 hours† (Barnard, 533). Butz et. al, (2005) are among a growing body of contemporary researchers that suggests that self management and patient education are critical success factors for treating patients with asthma in modern society. Their studies suggested home based educational programs that focus on accurate symptom identification and demonstration of â€Å"asthma medication delivery services† may improve patient quality of life and assist children with asthma and asthma like conditions (Butz, et. al, 190). Delaronde, Peruccio Bauer (2005) find that â€Å"individualized telephonic case management† from registered nurses specifically trained in contemporary asthma treatment may improve asthma medication use and subsequent quality of life for patients with asthma (361). This research correlates with a growing body of evidence supporting patient education and direct support as practical contemporary treatment practices. The basis for much of contemporary treatment lies in the gold standards or clinical practice guidelines outlined by the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program’s Expert Panel (CDC, 2005). These standards offer patients and health care practitioners specific guidelines for recognizing, diagnosis, treating and providing ongoing care to asthmatic patients. Because asthma is a difficult disease to diagnose, clinicians should utilize multiple diagnostic tools to determine whether airflow obstruction in patients results from asthma or other underlying conditions. Doctors should also acquire a comprehensive medical and family history and attempt to quantify the severity of a person’s condition (CDC, 2005). Other contemporary diagnostic criteria helpful for assessing a patients condition include lung function tests (also referred to as spirometry) (CDC, 2005). Because there is no cure for asthma at this time doctors must work to improve the quality of life for patients presenting with asthma as effectively treat acute attacks. Doctors also work with patients to prevent attacks and recurrent episodes. Not one treatment modality works for all people because every case of asthma is unique. Because of this doctors often use various medications including injections, oral medications, vapors and inhalers. Use of inhalers to expand airflow is currently one of the most common and effective long-term treatment choices for patients with asthma. Contemporary long lasting medical treatments should include use of corticosteroids to help reduce inflammation in the lungs and airways. Most patients will inhale these medicines or take them orally. Long acting beta2-agonists are also identified as effective long-term treatments for patients with asthma. While inhalers, nebulizers and other medications all serve the asthmatic population, education should also form the foundation for modern treatment practices. Multiple researchers have concluded that patient education is effective for improving the quality of life in patients with asthma. Education also ensures that patients understand how to use their medications and do use them to prevent acute attacks. Education may be particularly beneficial for children by helping them adopt healthy behaviors early on that can help control their condition. Asthma is a complex disease involving structural and physiological components. Patients with asthma face a life long and often debilitating condition that under severe circumstances may result in increased morbidity. Fortunately there are many treatments currently available that effectively manage this condition. Contemporary management and treatment of asthma is based on empirical research that suggests multiple forms of medication for preventing and treating acute asthma attacks. The most common forms of treatment include corticosteroid administration through inhalers or oral forms. There are other equally effective medical treatments however that may work well for patients depending on the severity of their illness. No two patients are alike with respect to the condition thus treatment must be tailored to the individual. New research suggests that doctors and patients focus on prevention and education to help improve patients quality of life and experience of their disease (West, 1990). Education that starts early, as when patients are children, is likely to be more effective than education that starts years after an individual has attempted to manage their disease using other methods. Adequate evidence suggests that the manner of delivery for education does not impact a patients success rate. Thus information may be distributed in person, in the home or even over the telephone if necessary. The currently body of literature available suggest that education in the classroom may also be an important avenue for teaching prevention and treatment in the future (West, 1990). It is important that researchers and doctors continue exploring new avenues for treating and preventing this insidious disease. How to cite Pathology and Contemporary Treatment Alternatives, Essay examples Pathology and Contemporary Treatment Alternatives Free Essays According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, asthma is a complex disease on the rise in the United States. Most at risk include poor or inner city minorities that present with inordinately high rates of mortality resulting from the condition (CDC, 2005). Asthma may also be on the rise due to environmental factors including increased pollution and exposure to environmental toxins that may affect lung capacity (CDC, 2005; Hwang et. We will write a custom essay sample on Pathology and Contemporary Treatment Alternatives or any similar topic only for you Order Now al, 2005; Yang, et. al, 1997; Wickman, et. al, 2003). Asthma is a serious, potentially life threatening condition for the millions of sufferers worldwide. Doctors are still working to determine the cause of this disease and finding new ways to treat it. While there is no cure for asthma yet, researchers have uncovered multiple treatment alternatives that help patients with asthma effectively control their condition. Education, public response and intervention are all critical success factors for predicting the quality of life for patients with asthma now and in the future. Research supports the use of a defined set of treatment protocols for assisting patients with asthma lead a better quality of life. The basis for treatment, anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract and pathology of asthma in patients are all discussed in greater detail below. Normal Lung Function and Respiratory System The human body has two lungs located on either side of the chest. The lungs functions include passing oxygen from outside the body into our bloodstream and releasing waste materials in the form of carbon dioxide back into the environment (Gershwin Klingelhofer, 1992). During each breath the body inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide (Polk, 18). Oxygen combines with carbohydrates and fat in the body to product energy. During the process of creating energy water and carbon dioxide are formed that are expelled through breathing. The lungs consist of several anatomical structures including the bronchial tubes that enable expansion and constriction of the muscles in the lungs and chest. These tubes consist of muscles that allow air to pass deep in to the lungs. Bronchial tubes consistently change width, increasing in girth as an individual inhales and becoming narrower upon exhalation. In a person with a well functioning respiratory system all parts of the airway function synergistically to ensure maximum intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide with each breath. Air enters the body through the nose and mouth. It passes through the pharynx, larynx and trachea, all important parts of the airway (Polk, 18). The noses and sinuses act as conditioners adjusting the air temperature as it passes through other structures in the airway. The pharynx or back of the throat allows liquids and solids entering the airway to â€Å"drop out before entering the lungs† (Polk, 19). Likewise the larynx helps prevent other unwanted particles in the air from entering the lungs (Polk, 19). It is here that the body’s cough reflex lies. If something unwanted is present in the air being inhaled, the larynx will stimulate a cough reflex to help expel the object. While the larynx isn’t the only trigger for a cough reflect it is very important to the entire breathing process (Polk, 19). When a person inhales, the chest muscles in the body contract allowing the ribs to separate slightly. Air is then drawn into the lungs. The opposite happens when an individual exhales, allowing air to forcefully come out of the lungs. The abdomen is also involved in breathing. The abdomen attaches to the front and back of the ribs, pushing them up and out when breathing. Breathing thus incorporates the chest and abdomen. The more a person engages all the muscles and organs involved in respiration including the abdomen, the better able they are to take a full breath of air. In times of old doctors ascribed asthma to anyone having difficulty breathing regardless of the cause; during the 20th century however researchers refined asthma to include difficult breathing â€Å"Because of a problem that begins in the bronchial tubes of the lungs† (Polk, 15). Asthma is a complex disorder that doctors are still working to fully understand. While doctors have uncovered many potential causes for asthma, they are still not certain what exactly causes it and how to prevent it 100 percent in all patients. In patients with asthma, the ability of the bronchial tubes to adjust their width is often diminished, resulting in difficulty breathing. Children are often at increased risk for developing asthma, as their bronchial tubes are narrower to begin with than adult tubes, thus less change in width is evident even in healthy lungs. Exercise induced asthma is a form of asthma that results when the air present in the nose and sinuses isn’t prepared appropriately to pass through other parts of the airway (Polk, 19). Normally this form of asthma is easier to treat than severe forms of asthma whose cause is unknown (Hogshead, 1989; Guyton, 1991). During a bronchospasm attach involuntary spasms may prevent lung tissue from expanding to their normal size. Air can become trapped in the lungs. Cellular and structural changes often occur within the airway and lungs of patients with asthma, including thickening of the airway wall and inflammation (Saetta Turato, 2001). Normally as air passes through the lungs the bronchiols or airways get smaller. In a patient with uncontrolled asthma however, the sides of the airways typically become enlarged or inflamed (CDC, 2005). During an acute attack, the muscles or bronchiols surrounding the airways constrict, thus reducing the amount of air a person can pass in and out of their lungs (CDC, 2005). Once this constriction begins, mucus starts forming in the airways, causing even greater constriction and distress. Typical symptoms associated with an asthma attack include wheezing, chest pain and tightness, coughing and difficulty breathing (CDC, 2005). No one is immune from asthma. Children, adults and the elderly are all at risk. Some people are more at risk than others including people who smoke, those with seasonal allergies and anyone with recurring acute respiratory infections (CDC, 2005). Signs of asthma include physical qualities of the disease a patient, family member or doctor can easily identify such as dyspnea (trouble breathing) (Polk, 7). Symptoms include complaints generally associated with the condition, and may include headaches or chest pain, skin flushing and itching (Polk, 8). Dyspnea results from multiple conditions other than asthma including infections, allergies, foreign bodies present in the airway and associated factors (Polk, 8). It is important a clinician differentiate between asthma and other causes of the disease. Basis Contemporary Treatments For Managing Asthma The National Asthma Education and Prevention Panel consistently work with doctors to develop contemporary treatments to manage asthma (Moonie, et. al, 2005). Many of these treatments are based on empirical research that supports reduction of patients symptoms and prevention of chronic attacks. The goal of contemporary asthma care and treatment includes â€Å"control of asthma and good quality of life for asthmatic patients† (Gaga, et. al, 80). The basis for much of contemporary care is empirical based research, though trends are changing in an attempt to encourage doctors to improve patient awareness and education. Many asthma drugs historically are administered through inhalation. Inhalers are often prescribed â€Å"on an empirical basis rather than on evidence based awareness: (Virchow, 24). Much of the asthma management guidelines currently available offer â€Å"non-specific advice regarding inhaler choice† (Virchow, 24). As such it is important that GP work with patients to decide what the ideal inhaler is for all patients involved. The ideal inhaler according to Virchow (2005) is one that (1) is breath activated, â€Å"releasing medication only when all prerequisites for successful inhalation are met, (2) has a low intrinsic airflow resistance so children and elderly patients may use it and (3) is one that provides a flow-independent deposition of drugs in the lungs as well as feedback that reassures patients whether the drugs has been inhaled properly (24). Newman (2005) suggests the pressured metered-doze inhaler or pMDI delivers asthma medications in a reliable â€Å"multi-dose presentation† (1177). Key components of this devices help determine the amount of drug delivered to the patient. The researcher further suggests that pMDIs can be developed that are breath actuated and coordinated with â€Å"spray-velocity modifiers† to help patients unable to use â€Å"conventional press and breathe pMDI’s correctly† (Newman, 1177). Modern or contemporary pMDI’s according to Newman should also contain non-ozone depleting propellants, a sentiment confirmed by Virchow (2005) as well. Patients with severe refractory asthma require more comprehensive treatment. High-doses of inhaled corticosteroids are often insufficient for treating this form of asthma. Most require contemporary treatments including oral corticosteroid administration and use of immunosuppressants (Sano, Adachi, Kiuchi Miyamoto, 2005). Chronic use of these drugs however present a high risk for adverse side effects. A study conducted by Sano, et. al (2005) suggests that nebulized sodium cromoglycate â€Å"is expected to be a new second-line therapeutic option in severe asthma† (1). Gaga, et. al (2005) suggests that many doctors are not achieving good quality of life and control of asthma for patients. Their study of treatment outcomes for asthmatic patients in specialized care suggests that contemporary treatments should include more patient education combined with increased use of LABAs (Long-acting beta2-agonists) and leukotriene antagonists to help prevent bronchoconstriction and improve quality of life for patients. Despite multiple contemporary treatment choices, managing acute severe asthma attacks still present a tremendous health challenge to health care professionals (Barnard, 2005). Contemporary guidelines for treating acute emergency attacks currently include treatment with oxygen and inhaled beta 2 agonists, which can be administered continuously to help preserve life in acute patients (Barnard, 532). Patients discharged after such treatment should also engage in review of current medications and consider â€Å"a short course of oral steroids, a written asthma action plan and detailed advice about deterioration that may occur within 48 hours† (Barnard, 533). Butz et. al, (2005) are among a growing body of contemporary researchers that suggests that self management and patient education are critical success factors for treating patients with asthma in modern society. Their studies suggested home based educational programs that focus on accurate symptom identification and demonstration of â€Å"asthma medication delivery services† may improve patient quality of life and assist children with asthma and asthma like conditions (Butz, et. al, 190). Delaronde, Peruccio Bauer (2005) find that â€Å"individualized telephonic case management† from registered nurses specifically trained in contemporary asthma treatment may improve asthma medication use and subsequent quality of life for patients with asthma (361). This research correlates with a growing body of evidence supporting patient education and direct support as practical contemporary treatment practices. The basis for much of contemporary treatment lies in the gold standards or clinical practice guidelines outlined by the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program’s Expert Panel (CDC, 2005). These standards offer patients and health care practitioners specific guidelines for recognizing, diagnosis, treating and providing ongoing care to asthmatic patients. Because asthma is a difficult disease to diagnose, clinicians should utilize multiple diagnostic tools to determine whether airflow obstruction in patients results from asthma or other underlying conditions. Doctors should also acquire a comprehensive medical and family history and attempt to quantify the severity of a person’s condition (CDC, 2005). Other contemporary diagnostic criteria helpful for assessing a patients condition include lung function tests (also referred to as spirometry) (CDC, 2005). Because there is no cure for asthma at this time doctors must work to improve the quality of life for patients presenting with asthma as effectively treat acute attacks. Doctors also work with patients to prevent attacks and recurrent episodes. Not one treatment modality works for all people because every case of asthma is unique. Because of this doctors often use various medications including injections, oral medications, vapors and inhalers. Use of inhalers to expand airflow is currently one of the most common and effective long-term treatment choices for patients with asthma. Contemporary long lasting medical treatments should include use of corticosteroids to help reduce inflammation in the lungs and airways. Most patients will inhale these medicines or take them orally. Long acting beta2-agonists are also identified as effective long-term treatments for patients with asthma. While inhalers, nebulizers and other medications all serve the asthmatic population, education should also form the foundation for modern treatment practices. Multiple researchers have concluded that patient education is effective for improving the quality of life in patients with asthma. Education also ensures that patients understand how to use their medications and do use them to prevent acute attacks. Education may be particularly beneficial for children by helping them adopt healthy behaviors early on that can help control their condition. Asthma is a complex disease involving structural and physiological components. Patients with asthma face a life long and often debilitating condition that under severe circumstances may result in increased morbidity. Fortunately there are many treatments currently available that effectively manage this condition. Contemporary management and treatment of asthma is based on empirical research that suggests multiple forms of medication for preventing and treating acute asthma attacks. The most common forms of treatment include corticosteroid administration through inhalers or oral forms. There are other equally effective medical treatments however that may work well for patients depending on the severity of their illness. No two patients are alike with respect to the condition thus treatment must be tailored to the individual. New research suggests that doctors and patients focus on prevention and education to help improve patients quality of life and experience of their disease (West, 1990). Education that starts early, as when patients are children, is likely to be more effective than education that starts years after an individual has attempted to manage their disease using other methods. Adequate evidence suggests that the manner of delivery for education does not impact a patients success rate. Thus information may be distributed in person, in the home or even over the telephone if necessary. The currently body of literature available suggest that education in the classroom may also be an important avenue for teaching prevention and treatment in the future (West, 1990). It is important that researchers and doctors continue exploring new avenues for treating and preventing this insidious disease. How to cite Pathology and Contemporary Treatment Alternatives, Papers

Relationship Between Business Intelligence and Business Performance Ma

Question: Discuss about theRelationship Between Business Intelligence and Business Performance Management. Answer: Introduction This study is based on the integration of Business Performance Management and Business Intelligence. In all these years, companies have been successful in understanding the importance of metrics driven management and how such enforcement can bring accomplishment of the organizational goals. Business Performance Management refers to the set of analytic processes and performance management that helps the management of an organization to accomplish one or more predetermined goals. Whenever there is a business problem, it can be solved by using the techniques and procedure of business performance management (Balaban, N, Belic, K and Gudelj, M, 2011). In business management approach the organization is considered as a whole instead of as a single division. It entails to review the performance of a business and to determine how a particular business can accomplish its goals. It involves of operational objectives and alignment of strategic in order to manage performance. BPM basically aims to aggregate the information of the organization that is actually available, and the managers can be more updated by informing them about the position of the company that can help in taking better decisions. BPM is also known as Corporate Performance Management. In the business literature BPM has a number of names, such as, Enterprise Performance Management and Strategic Management of Enterprise. Although it has been named with different names, and they all mean the same. In order to reach specific goals of the company, the management has to take an initiative to assemble people and resources. BPM is designed in such a way that the defined business targets can be met within a particular time period (Fischer, L, 2010). Performance management is important to look at the performance criteria and also to measure them with the set targets. The board in an organization is responsible to measure the outcomes and to perform metrics to view that how well the organization is trying to meet its long term goals. The metrics is included from the internal factors and from the marketplace that can affect the success of an organization. Using the strategic performance management model, the corporate can define their corporate strategy and then try to measure the performance, after this the indicators can be used to analyse performance to extract insights and take better decisions that can bring actions and performance improvements (Williams, S, 2016). The organizations are required to design the key performance indicators in order to monitor and measure how well it can be delivered on the objectives of the organization. The metrics should be meaningful and relevant enough. Many organizations usually fall into the trap of metrics where they choose what is easy to measure ignoring what is relevant and important. Key performance indicators are quantifiable and measurable. These indicators are important to measure those critical factors to the organizational success and are applied consistently to all the performances happening in an organization. Business Intelligence Before describing the relationship between Business Intelligence and Performance Management it is important to what exactly Business Intelligence means. It refers to the computer software or tools which collect all types of business data that is actually very complex for a company. It also condenses it into a report. The main focus is on collecting data for a specific department or to express an overall impression of the status of the company (Kale, V, 2016). Relationship Between Business Performance and Business Intelligence Business Intelligence and Performance Management are related to each other (Cokins, G, 2006). We know that Business Intelligence (BI) includes raw information or data that has to be first integrated from disparate source systems, thereafter can be converted into information, whereas Performance Management (PM) is responsible to leverage the information. In this regard, information is more valuable than that of the collected data points (Williams, M, 2016). This is mainly because integrating and transforming fact points by the use of calculations and by discovering patterns results in the information that is potentially meaningful can be used. We are very much aware that the interest of an organization is not just to monitor dials; the most important task is to move the dials. That is what reporting information has to do in order to manage to achieve better outcomes. If an organization wants to improve its performance, actions and decisions play an important role. Mainstream business intelligence is actually very important; it is due to the results of departments that require advances to facilitate functioning (Herschel and T, R, 2012). To bring organizational success and competitiveness, it is essential to extend BI across the organization to allow the mini BI applications to talk. Improving and managing cannot be considered a same thing. BPM is the final component of Business intelligence which is followed by the next phase that helps in the evolution of various system supports of decision making and enterprise information systems. When Business Intelligence is utilized to concentrate on the changes of business processes, companies can find solution regarding saving money and can make close relations with their customers (Nash, K, 2010). It is clear from this that BPM is a result of Business intelligence that incorporates many of its applications, technologies and many other concepts (Sharda, R, et al., 2014).But there is a question that why business intelligence cant deliver what is actually needed for the improvement of overall performance. When it comes to decision support, Business Performance management is actually more than a technology (Turban, 2008). It consists of various metrics, methodologies and technology that can be utilized to measure, manage and monitor the activities of a business (Bergh, J, Sara, T and Viaene, S, 2014). Once we select a business process that will be used to bring improvements and the implementation of business methodologies, there are metrics that can monitor and measure the changes to be brought. Theses metrics are also termed as key indicators in this context which is selected and defined by a particular business and not by the information technology (Fischer, L, 2013). The select ion of business performance measurement technique is the very last step in this process. Therefore, we can conclude by saying that business intelligence is not related to business performance measurement and related with business management. It is very clear now that BPM is not a technology that can be single, instead it is a combination of various factors that is, Business intelligence, profiling and score carding (Bogdana, P, Felicia, A and Delia, B, 2009). Business intelligence now has to look at the analyses made in the past and what it caused until today. This is actually significant because planning requires experience and knowledge to achieve goals can set on the basis of past results. Score carding is that process which helps in measuring how you perform to match up with the predetermined goals. In all organization, it is made clear to conduct feedback of the overall plan. It is actually very important to know the new change that took place in the processes of an organization. This is because when an enterprise makes a relevant strategy that demands to stop organizations to optimize local business at the cost of performance of corporate as a whole. Factor Traditional BI BI for BPM Decisions Strategic, Tactical Strategic, Operational Focus Historical Timely Orientation Relative Proactive Measures Metrics Key indicators of performance Visuals Tables and Charts Dashboards and Scoreboards Views Generic Personalized Data Numeric Numeric, text, etc. Table 1(Ballard, C, 2006) The above table shows the differences between traditional Business Intelligence and Business Intelligence for Business Performance Management. The implementation of business intelligence is strongly aimed to turn available facts into information and delivering the same to the decision makers. Business performance management is focused on a part of information that is delivered by a system of BI. BI system basically gives the information that has the capacity to reflect business performance and also gives indication regarding the success or failure that occurred in an organization. BPM is that type of management that involves a set of processes of closed loops that can be linked strategically for the execution, in order to be responsible for that task. It is very much clear that Optimum performance can be achieved by an organization by setting objectives that are strategic, establishing plans and initiatives to achieve goals, monitor the actual performance with the set of objectives a nd at last by taking corrective actions, that is, to act and adjust. Business analytics means skills, practices and technologies for continuous investigation and exploration of past business performance to drive business plan and to gain insight (Laursen, G and Thorlund, J 2016). BPM provides context for leveraging BI and analytics and helps in deciding what has to be analysed. At the time of embedding business analytics into various methods of BPM and EPM methods, the strategies of mapping, scorecards, customer profitability analysis and Six Sigma productivity brings initiatives for a good rule that has to be followed to work backwards by making end decisions in mind. There are six components that make up Enterprise Performance Management and Corporate Performance Management, and they should be integrated in such a way that breaks down silos (Cokins, G, 2013). These major components are strategic planning and its execution, cost visibility and behaviours of various drivers, customer intelligence; planning, forecasting and predictive analytics, enterprise risk management and the last one is improvement of the entire process. All these components help in knowing the business analytics better in an organization. It is essential to know the importance of business analytics in an organization. It is that tool or methodology that ensures a sound commercial decision. In a very cut throat business environment, business analysis becomes more significant to maintain competitiveness (Business analytics.com, 2012). It facilitates better understanding of both primary and secondary data that can affect efficiency of various departments while performing operational activities. Business analytics is that process which can be applied only on large volume data. It is a difficult process to obtain large volume of facts and data. Many organizations have mixed packages and applications for custom related business that is a part of strategic performance management, enterprise analytics, operational reports used to support the decisions taken in the operations of the business concerned. Now the main issue is that all these level of decisions are not together (Liebowitz, J, 2013). To solve these issues, all these levels of decision should be integrated. The major requirement is to combine various strategies and timely operational analytics (Jank, W, 2011). This integration can be supported by using dashboards and scoreboards at different levels of strategy with the help of business intelligence techniques and applications that ensures level of business performance at operational and tactical levels. Conclusion Managing business and its performance is a critical process to maximize the business profitability and to maintain its position in todays competitive environment that is highly competitive. Effective business performance management can bring all the elements of business intelligence together, elements like planning, monitoring and budgeting as well as providing a chance for performance. The first step of managing business performance is the integration of BI and BPM. We can conclude by saying that it is important to know how business intelligence can be integrated with business performance management to bring desired results. References (Sharda, R, Delen, D, Turban, E, Aronson, J and Liang, T, (2014). Business Intelligence and Analytics: Systems for Decision Support. Pearson Education. Balaban, N, Belic, K and Gudelj, M, (2011). [Online]. Business Process Performance Management: Theoretical and methodological Approach and Implementation. Viewed 18 October 2016 from https://www.ef.uns.ac.rs/mis/archive-pdf/2011%20-%20No4/MIS2011_4_1.pdf Ballard, C, (2006). [Online]. Business Performance Management meets Business Intelligence. Viewed 18 October 2016 from https://www.redbooks.ibm.com Bergh, J, Sara, T and Viaene, S, (2014). Transforming Through Processes: Leading Voices on BPM, People and Technology. Springer Science Business Media. Bititci, U, (2016). Managing Business Performance: The Science and The Art. John Wiley Sons. Bogdana, P, Felicia, A and Delia, B, (2009). [Online]. The Role of Business Intelligence in Business Performance Management. Viewed 18 October 2016 from https://steconomiceuoradea.ro/anale/volume/2009/v4-management-and-marketing/210.pdf Businessanalytics.com, (2012). [Online]. Significance of Business Analysis. Viewed 18 October 2016 from https://www.businessanalytics.com/significance-business-analysis Cokins, G, (2006). [Online]. How do Business Intelligence and Performance Management Relate to Each Other? Viewed 18 October 2016 from https://www.information-management.com/news/columns/-1051320-1.html Cokins, G, (2013). [Online]. Six key components of analytics-based performance management. Viewed 18 October 2016 from https://www.cgma.org/magazine/features/pages/20137960.aspx?TestCookiesEnabled=redirect Fischer, L, (2010). 2010 BPM and Workflow Handbook: Methods, concepts, Case Studies and Standards in Business Process Management and Workflow: Spotlight on Business Intelligence. 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Business Intelligence Meets BPM: Using Data to Change Business Processes on the Fly. Viewed 18 October 2016 from https://www.cio.com/article/2417464/business-intelligence/business-intelligence-meets-bpm--using-data-to-change-business-processes-on-th.html Turban, (2008). Decision Support And Business Intelligence Systems. Pearson Education. Williams, M, (2016). Business Intelligence Strategy and Big Data Analytics: A General Management Perspective. Morgan Kaufmann. Williams, S, (2016). Business Intelligence Strategy and Big Data Analytics: A General Management Perspective. Morgan Kaufmann.