Grave of the Fireflies

Tim Yang 4/2/13 JPN 211 During the Buffalo Film Seminar of Grave of the Fireflies by Isao Takahata, one can see World War II from the viewpoint and experiences of a Japanese survivor (Akiyuki Nosaka). The movie is about Seita, a sixteen years old boy, and Setsuko, his younger sister, and how they were forced to struggle in order to survive in the widespread famine and the heartless indifference of their extended family members and countrymen. Their mother died early in movie, after suffering burns and injuries from a firebombing related to the US B-29s and they were forced to live with their indifferent—inattentive aunt.After taking his aunt’s insults for some time, Seita finally decided that he had enough and left with Setsuko. They found an abandoned bomb shelter nearby and decided to live there by themselves with some money they took from the bank from their deceased mother. Once they ran out of money, Setsuko started to become extremely malnourished and sick; so as a way to cure Setsuko, Seita resorted to stealing crops from farmers. Soon after, Seita learned that Japan lost the war and that his father died, losing all morale, his only purpose in life left was to make sure his sister survives.Ultimately they both died, due to malnutrition and negligence of their countrymen. The movie shows how a society can become helpless and weak, and also fail to protect one another. Since the movie is a foreign film it also shows another perspective from a different culture and race. Grave of the Fireflies was beautiful made and it can bring better understanding, appreciation, and reflection upon the horrors of war and its aftermath as experienced by the Japanese people in WWII.

Trying to Find Chinatown

ENG-112-E1 20th March, 2013 â€Å"Trying to Find China Town† For Analysis 1. Benjamin is revealed his ethnic towards becoming a Chinese and how they look and define as a Chinese. Benjamin thinks he knows more because of his knowledge about the history, although he is a Chinese-American. But Ronnie argued he is a Chinese because his skin tone. They both are arguing different things. 2. Benjamin considers himself as Chinese is because he is a Caucasian Asian American and he knows the cultural heritage of Chinese, his identity.But as Ronnie, he just knows a little bit heritages of Chinese and even mixed up with African and European elements. 3. For the second-to-last stage direction, Hwang wants the audience to think about the contradiction between the characters. Actually they both are the same, Chinese, but they did not have the same view. The racial identity should not based on skin tone but connections between culture. For Writing 1. The writer, Hwang, wrote that the ways of speaking are different.Ronnie is more impulsive and exaggerate, like â€Å"Oh, Jesus†. Benjamin is more gentle and nice to Ronnie. He talked with him in a pleasant way instead of rude answering. 2. The characters both disagree about the importance of ethnic heritage to identity. In my opinion, both of them should not judge the other about what their race is. It is because skin tone does not represent one’s cultural. People could not understand what their background is. As the writer wrote, it is important to have the same connection in the same race.

Deconstructing Faust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Deconstructing Faust - Essay Example There are many main versions of the play, but the three most popular versions include Christopher Marlowe’s â€Å"Doctor Faustus† published in the 16th century, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s â€Å"Faust† in the 1700s and Charles Gounod’s opera â€Å"Faust† first performed in the 1800s. It is in how these versions vary that one can begin to track the different ways in which the character’s progression can be shown as well as the various ways in which the story can be used to make poignant social commentary. By the same token, looking at the individual discussion points included in certain reviews of these productions can provide an intense understanding of the production as a whole, both in terms of its context as well as in terms of its emotional impact. Within Tim Ashley’s review of the 2004 Royal Opera House production of Gounod’s 1859 opera Faust, one can see both how the play separates itself from other renditions of t he Faust legend and how the critic attempts to separate himself from other critics in terms of presentation and reception theory. In his review, Ashley points out several distinguishing characteristics of Gounod’s play that differ from other versions of the Faust legend, such as those produced by Christopher Marlowe or Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The play described by Ashley begins with a reflection of the playwright himself as the set and the character teeter totter between the majestic sounds of the organ loft at Notre Dame and the more directly personal adoration of the theatrical stage. Faust himself is shown as the aging composer still trying to find satisfaction among the two. In this opening alone, there is significant difference to the other Faust legends simply through the focus on the artistic side of Faust as opposed to the scholarly character most of the other legends depict. For instance, Marlowe’s Faustus is presented as a truly

INDIGENOUS IMMIGRANTS and INDIGENOUS RIGHTS Research Paper

INDIGENOUS IMMIGRANTS and INDIGENOUS RIGHTS - Research Paper Example The arrival of Italians in what is now referred to as Bolivia for instance changed the Bolivia political topography, with foreigners governing the land (Postero, 2007). That was until 2001 when Bolivia elected a president from one of the indigenous groups. This long reign by people who were not originally from these areas has caused tension among the indigenous people who felt hat not only are their rights not respected and given a place in the modern governments run by the foreigners, but also that they have been sidelined. Looking closely at the social-political issues in Latin amerce indicates that economic issues have contributed very much to these issues. The hype to push for the recognition of indigenous culture can be seen as fuelled by the economic depravation of most of these people. Most people who are of the indigenous origin in the Latin America are actually the most economically deprived as well as politically unrepresented. This has left a space for these people to feel that the new order of things is not part of then and that it is not in any way serving their interests. As a result, it has led to politicians of indigenous origins, with many politicians who are of indigenous cultural background using this hype as a way to hike up their popularity and get the votes from the indigenous people. This has been seen for example in Bolivia where the current president, the first indigenous since the arrival of the Italians five hundred years ago, used this hype for indigenous culture as a way to get the vote. He did not only use this to get the vote, but has also used this as a way to try to unite the indigenous groups after his election and also as a way to help in making sure that there is restoration of hope. However, this hype for indigenous culture has been criticised by many academics, describing it as a way for these indigenous politicians to get political edge. Part II: Discussion There is adequate literature on the issue of indigenous culture an d the definition of indigenous people in Latin America. In the recent times, it can be seen that scholars are finally having differing views in the politics of indigenous culture in many parts of the Latin America. As Hale (2004) says, in the past, the approach by many scholars has associated this push for traditional culture as a way for politicians to achieve their selfish interests by appealing to the indigenous people. But as Hale (2004)says, a closer look and a more critical look at these issues has indicated that this attitude by indigenous leaders is not only about them getting power, but that it is a deep seated need for most of these people to be able to connect with their past. However, in light of the fact that the so called foreigners have been in the region for over half a millennium, and also in the consideration of the fact that even the indigenous people have migrated within the Latin American from region to region, it becomes very hard to determine who is a foreigne r and who is indigenous (Stephen, 2007). For instance, people from the main Mexico regions are known to have migrated towards the Baja California region in search of better economic conditions. Although these people are indigenous Latin American, they are not indigenous to the Baja California region. In such a case, if issues of indigenous cul

A Brief Look at the False Idea of the English Language as Perfect and Assignment

A Brief Look at the False Idea of the English Language as Perfect and Unchanging - Assignment Example The paper tells that man traveled the world and explored unvisited areas. Due to the lost connection with his ancestors, he invented a new language unknown to his ancestors to communicate with his partners. This way, different languages emerged in different areas all over the world. But every time a language was created in some area, the creators were influenced by nature and culture prevailing in that area. Different areas of the world are blessed by nature with different natural resources, weathers, and cultures. Other than fundamental human needs like air, water, food, and shelter, human needs vary from place to place. They are influenced by the social norms and trends prevailing in a particular area. These social trends and cultures vary not only from place to place but also from time to time. Every new era brings new inventions, trends, and cultures along with it. Old things keep being modified and new things keep being developed with the spread of knowledge and literature. Like wise, languages vary not only in different parts of the world but also different generations of a race. There are a lot of new-age inventions that young children are fully aware of and are completely unknown to their ancestors. Increase in development of industries and factories has opened employment opportunities for everybody which has led to urbanization. In the modern world, people need to be constantly inter-connected to keep up with the rapid changes in the dynamic mood of the modern world. Frequent communication among individuals is necessary in order to facilitate one another. That is why it is hard to imagine an individual not possessing a mobile in the today’s world. To facilitate frequent communication, new accents supporting quicker delivery of words have emerged. In addition to that, words have been modified/shortened in a way that would facilitate quick delivery and text writing. Various substitutes are universally known nowadays for words used in everyday langu age. Mobiles have made it very cheap and easy to communicate through text messages. In order to save time, slangs are used for words to cut-short the writing time. English is a universal language and is spoken nearly

Significance of organisational culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Significance of organisational culture - Essay Example Foundation of organizational culture can be broadly classified into two parts, one is known as ‘Anthropological foundation’ and another is known as ‘Sociological foundation’. Both of the foundations can be differentiated on the basis of functional and semiotic approach. The functional approach takes several parameters into consideration that make a distinction between both the foundations. These parameters can be identified as focus, variables, assumptions and observation. The anthropological foundation assumes that an organization itself is a culture where as sociological foundation assumes that organizations have a culture (Cameron and Quinn 2011). The focus of anthropological foundation lies at collective structure unlike the case of sociological foundation that focuses at collective behavior. The culture of an organization is observed as a subjective factor by anthropological foundation where as it seen as a matter of objective factor by sociological fou ndation. There is also a difference between both the foundations on the issue of variable factors. Anthropological foundation perceives, culture as a dependent variable, where as sociological foundation perceives culture as an independent variable (Cameron and Quinn 2011).The semiotic approach is also taken into account in order to identify and analyze the key difference between anthropological and sociological foundation. The anthropological foundation assumes culture as reality where as sociological foundation assumes culture.... The culture of an organization is observed as a subjective factor by anthropological foundation where as it seen as a matter of objective factor by sociological foundation. There is also a difference between both the foundations on the issue of variable factors. Anthropological foundation perceives, culture as a dependent variable, where as sociological foundation perceives culture as an independent variable (Cameron and Quinn 2011). The semiotic approach is also taken into account in order to identify and analyze the key difference between anthropological and sociological foundation. The anthropological foundation assumes culture as reality where as sociological foundation assumes culture as a mean that develops a sense of reality at workplace. The focus of anthropological foundation lies at individual’s assumptions rather than individual’s cognition as in the case of sociological foundation. The factor of ‘observation’ is also taken into consideration for differentiating the key issues between both the foundations. The ‘individual immersion’ is a subject of observation for anthropological foundation where as ‘individual involvement’ is taken into consideration as a subject of observation by sociological foundation. The anthropological foundation perceives culture as a dependent variable which requires an understanding of culture by the members of the organization where as sociological foundation perceives culture as an independent variables and assumes that other outcomes are dependent on organizational culture and can be predicted. Significance of organisational culture: It is imperative for organisations across the globe to understand their culture in order to succeed and

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business Law - Essay Example This can be done through the name and address certification of the agent who is resident in the state. The company can also certify the name, address of the agent in the state, and acquire a certification of satisfactory standing from the concerned state or county where the business s set up. The advantage of using a branch is that there are no legal formalities associated with setting up a business and the only requirement is the qualifications to carry on business. A disadvantage of this approach is that, in case of liabilities by the activities of the branch office, the exposure of the assets of the parent company to such liabilities is not avoidable. A foreign company can also use a subsidiary in the U.S to carry on its business and carry on its operations. The subsidiary must be organized through the relevant legislation of the state the subsidiary operates in. The major advantage of operating through a subsidiary is that, in case of a liability, only the assets of the subsidiar y are at risk and not the parent foreign company assets. The other advantage of a subsidiary is that the formation of a subsidiary in the U.S enables the clarification of the portion of income subjected to either foreign or U.s taxation. The use of a subsidiary also limits the liability of the shareholders, directors and officers of the corporation in terms of liability in terms of the debts of the corporation. It is more convenient to use a subsidiary than to open a branch of the company as most benefits and advantages lie in the use of a subsidiary. The employing of the new federal imposed tax on branch profits brings to an equal level the branches amount of tax and that of the subsidiaries. The taxation works in limiting the advantage of branch tax liability as compared to subsidiaries. Partnership with a local firm The other form of entry of the company into the U.S market is by entering into a partnership with a U.S based company. This is a situation where there is a contemplat ion of a joint venture in a situation. In this case, the foreign company enters into a relationship with a company already located in the U.S where they share resources. The entry into a partnership done by the foreign company by contributing capital with the US based company to a newly formed corporation in order to obtain a subsidiary. The other form of partnership is where the foreign company can enter into a general partnership with the U.S based company and carry on business in common. The partnership is subject to various legal and taxation rules as per the relevant state statutes. Procedure of forming an entity The formation and the running of a business enterprise in the United States require compliance of a number of various registration standards. The basic requirement is that the company must comply with the rules of the registration and regulating authorities. Employment issues Foreign companies and their subsidiaries doing business in the U.S should comply with the empl oyment and labor laws of the United States. In some situations, the foreign parent companies become liable for omissions or actions of the subsidiary companies operating in the United States. The labor laws in the United States are more comprehensive and pose some technicality in operation especially if a foreign employer does not understand the laws. The dangers associated with non-compliance of these laws include

Business process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business process - Essay Example Richard L. Daft in his book â€Å"Management† 4th Edition defines a business process, when pentagon moves thousand of tons of humanitarian aid; it needs hundreds of approvals from the government. It has to first prepare the list of things needed to be sent. It then estimates the cost of these things. Then it has to identify the source of funding for this process i-e. Where are they going to get the money to pay for this aid , either it is going to be through a government grant or through some private charity? After this has been decided again needs the approval from the government. And if it's a government grant it has to wait till they get the required budget. Then after getting the budget they again need to have approving official's signature. Then they have to wait till finance office sends the cheque. The traveling group has to make traveling arrangements and obtain travel advance i-e advance money. Then they have to obtain the traveling tickets from the concerned departme nt. And after these thirteen cumbersome steps only, the concerned people can travel and send the humanitarian aid. As already discussed all these steps were cumbersome and there was a lot of red-tape involved the entire process take too much, As a result that aids value to the recipient was less than if it was achieved immediately. As already discussed all these steps were cumbersome and there was a lot of red-tape involved the entire process take too much, As a result that aids value to the recipient was less than if it was achieved immediately. For example suppose after the Tsunami, Pentagon decided to send aid to those who lost their homes in the disaster. If the above process is being followed, it will take atleast a week for this aid to reach the people. The value of this aid for the consumer would now be less or in other words it would not be as important as if it would have been received the next day. The reason behind this loss of value for the recipients is that by the time they would have gotten the aid from the neighboring countries. They would have been able to console themselves as time is the best healer and due to diminishing marginal utility. That is if you have something then another unit of the same thing gives you less satisfaction. After Tsunamis victims received the aid from neighboring countries then the Pentagon's aid will not give these people the same utility or same value as before. Same happens with the consumer, the more time businesses take to satisfy there needs and wants the less value that thing (product or service) gives to the consumers. This is because the consumer demands are ever changing. If they demand something and if a business takes too much time in producing that thing, then by the time the business

Brady v Norman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Brady v Norman - Essay Example His stint was cut short, however, when he got into a scuffle with the President of ASLEF, Mr. Samways on 20th May 2004 at a barbecue. After five days, he was suspended. In July of that same year, he was accused of forgery for signing a cheque in the name of the Assistant General Secretary, with the latter’s consent and knowledge. In August 2004, he was dismissed as General Secretary using the forgery and the barbecue scuffle as grounds. A claim for unfair dismissal was brought against the ASLEF by Mr. Brady, and the Employment Tribunal ruled in his favour. Upon appeal before the Employment Appeal Tribunal, the appeal was likewise dismissed. However, on June 5, 2006, the respondent Mr. Norman, who was the General Secretary voted to replace Mr. Brady, uttered these words before the ASLEF†S Annual Assembly of Delegates on 5th June 2006. The following words were made the basis of the defamation charge brought by Mr. Brady against Mr. Norman: â€Å"†¦ the facts are, Con ference, that the General Secretary was involved in a fight; the General Secretary was forging cheques and it is a matter of opinion – you can draw whatever opinion you like – as to whether his actions in the media brought the Union into disrepute. What you cannot possibly walk away from is that he was involved in a fight with the then President, and he forged cheques. ... Mr. Brady was awarded indemnity because the following words were deemed libellous: â€Å"ASLEF conference delegates declined to debate a proposition calling for former General Secretary Mr Brady to address Conference, coupled to efforts to consider his reinstatement. They felt it was pointless to discuss â€Å"a past era†. One compelling reason was that the Certification Officer had ruled the previous week that Mr Brady had legitimately been excluded from ASLEF membership for bringing the Union into disrepute. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ 3 However, the words spoken during the Assembly (the first quoted paragraph) did not come to the knowledge of Mr. Brady until September 2008. In 2009, or when the first libel action was concluded, Mr. Brady brought suit for defamation. Under the Defamation Act 2006, the statute of limitations to bring suit runs for only one year, and this likewise appears in section 4A of the Limitation Act 1980 as amended. Mr. Brady filed a Part 8 claim seeking disapplica tion of the one-year limit. Section 32A of the 1980 Act â€Å"enables the court to disapply section 4A if it appears to the court that it would be equitable to allow the action to proceed having regard to the degree to which the time limit prejudices the claimant and to the degree to which disapplying the time limit would prejudice the defendant.4† The Master ruled against disapplying the time limit and consequently moved to dismiss the claim, ruling that doing so would be prejudicial to the defendant. The case is then brought up on Appeal. Point of Law: The crux of the issue on appeal is whether or not there is merit in waiving the time limit in the case under Section 32A, considering that the jurisprudence

Marketing Communication (PG Tips) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Communication (PG Tips) - Essay Example In the year 2005, for example, tea's share of beverages grew by one percent, a positive sign for the tea market. The competition: Tea has strong competition not just from other beverages like coffee brands, flavoured water, juices, soft drink brands and hard drinks but also from the various varieties of tea. Today myriad kinds of herbal teas dot the market, and each brand promotes its uniqueness. The main competitors include Clipper Teas Ltd, Premier Foods, Tetley group, Drury Tea and Coffee company, Whittard of Chelsea and Associated British Foods Plc to name a few. In this cluttered market, where brand loyalty for a particular brand is strong, but customers constantly experiment with new and unusual flavours, it is thus vital for a brand like PG Tips to make its presence felt for the basic brand of black tea. Market and customer behaviour: With changing lifestyles, the usage of tea as a drink with the breakfast or a drink that people wake up to has also evolved. Many people prefer juice to the morning tea and many opt for diet coke over the evening tea. Besides this, types of tea purchased also vary with socio-economic status, marital status, working status, presence of children and household size. Research has revealed that the main customers to target for the traditional PG tips black tea bags are women over 35 years of age. Research has revealed that this segment of customers purchase tea for their family and enjoy it together in a typically British way. THE 5Ps FOR PG TIPS PRODUCT: The black tea of PG Tips in its original styled bag is the product in question. It has an existing customer base, which is not so large but steady. It has health benefits not yet advertised. And it has plenty of competition from a range of complementary and supplementary products. PRICE: PG Tips has decided not to be a price player and it must stick to the position. The prices must not be discounted, as today's customer automatically becomes wary of a product's quality if the price is slashed. However economy packs of the tea bag that last for the entire month can be promoted. PLACE: Prominent kiosks must be located at stores for stacking the tea. Special samples of the improved tea bag can be included with other Unilever products. Samples can also be included with complementary products like biscuit packets, crackers, chips and snacks. PACKAGING: As PG Tips is an existing brand with an old image, it is important to revive the packaging keeping the new communication and sales strategy in mind. However the new packaging must not be drastically different as it may make the existing loyal customer wary. The new packaging for the practical woman over 35 must not be overtly fancy but be practical to use and stock. It must show value for money she spends and PG Tips must keep this maturity factor in mind. It would also benefit to add a small paragraph detailing the health benefits of black tea. PROMOTION: Cross promotions at beauty parlours or women stores where women often visit may be a good idea. They could be offered tea and redemption coupons at these outlets. Tie ups could also be done with stores where women are offered purchase benefit coupons (like membership to a club, password to an online PG Tips tea club, prizes) on the tea. THE IDEA OF THE CAMPAIGN The campaign must mainly target women over 35 years old, as this is the segment that goes to

Global Economy Essay Example for Free

Global Economy Essay Below is a list of essay questions, the ONE question that you will be required to write on will be chosen from the list below. 1. Identify a current international political or economic issue and write on the cause(s) and impact globally. (500 word limit) 2. Select one project you have worked on in the past and write an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the execution, including an assessment of your own contribution. (500 word limit) 3. Identify a key industry leader in Nigeria today and give reasons why you admire this person and outline the person’s contributions to the economy and society. 4. What is the relevance of the MBA degree in the current business environment? Is the degree necessary for success? If you miss this examination or would like to do the GMAT instead, you have until June 28, 2013 to submit your GMAT score in order to have an interview scheduled for you. For details of the GMAT, please visit www. mba. com I wish you all the best. Regards, Nubi Achebo (Dr. ) MBA Director

Functions Of The Operating System Computer Science Essay

Functions Of The Operating System Computer Science Essay Introduction A personal computer consists of two components, the hardware and the software. Hardware are basically physical components of the computer, in other words, they are tangible such as the motherboard, graphic card, hard drive, sound card, keyboard à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ etc. Software on the other hand are series of programs, algorithms, procedures, and data that provide instructions and tell computers what tasks to perform and how to perform the tasks. Software are classified into two main types: application software and system software. Example of application software includes Skype, Microsoft office, iTunes, Windows Media Playerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. System software is divided into two classes, utility program which includes Anti Spyware, Anti-Virus, firewallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. In order to have the computer to run a system, to manage all the hardware and software, and sending an output to a device by recognizing an input, the computer must have an operating system (OS) OS are set of software written with various data and programs that contain instructions and procedures to incorporate and perform the aforementioned tasks; almost every personal computer comes with a preloaded OS. Types of Operating Systems There are three main type of OS, there is the standalone OS, embedded OS and the server OS. These OSs usually have similar functions. Most personal computer uses the standalone OS. Mobiles, PDA uses the embedded OS such as Palm, Android, iPhone OS, Symbian, Blackberryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. The server OS are used for configuring and backup purposes, example of the server OS would be UNIX, Solaris, and Windows Server 2008. Functions of the Operating System and how it Works The OS plays a vital role when it comes to starting and shutting down the computer which is also known as booting. Six steps take place when a computer is booting: The first step begins as soon as the computer is turned on, the electrical signal reaches to the components in the system unit through the power supply. During the second step, the processor chip is reset due to the electric signal and then it locates the ROM that contains the basic input/output system (BIOS), which is a firmware that contains the startup instructions of the computer. Next, the BIOS launches a series of tests to ensure hardware are working and connected properly, known as the power on self-test (POST), usually when the POST launches, the LED lights of the devices flicker, at times there will be messages displaying on the screen. The forth step takes place when the POST compares the result with the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip data. CMOS uses battery power to preserve the information, data, and memory when the computer shut down. Besides that, it detects new devices and identifies them when these devices are connected to the computer. The beep sound usually results when the CMOS detects which later followed by the error messages. The fifth step proceeds when the POST completes without any interference where the BIOS will locate the OS files also known as the system files from any source of drive. The sixth steps occurs when the system file is located, which is then loaded into the RAM from its storage along the kernel of the OS. The system file then launches, and finally, the OS which was stored in memory takes control of the whole computer system. During the final step, the OS loads the information setting. Certain OS may request for user ID and password. After the OS loads, it displays the desktop screen and it starts up background processes. The second function of the OS is by providing a user interface. The two types of user interface are the graphical user interface (GUI) and the command-line interface. The GUI basically provides user with an easy way to perform a command or task by having the menus with buttons or other pictures to allow user to click it with ease. Instead of having simple buttons to click on, advance users work with command-line interface to configure, manage and troubleshoot devices and other software. The command-line interface works only with commands by using the keyboard. To perform such command, one must type in the commands accurately with the exact spellings and punctuations. OS also manages programs. It depends on certain OS, some OS can only run one program at a time, while some can run up to thousands of programs at the same time with one or multiple users. There are the single user/single tasking OS, single user/multitasking OS, multiuser OS, and the multiprocessing OS. When one multitasks, the program that is actively used by the user is said to be in the foreground, while the other programs are known to be in the background. The OSs fourth function is memory management. The OS does so by transferring the data and program instructions from the RAM to the hard disk when they are not needed at the moment because at times there is only limited space for the RAM when it has to perform other functions, when the same data and program instructions is needed again, the OS then transfer them from the hard disk to the RAM. The fifth function of the OS is coordinating tasks. As the phrase implies, the OS determines the order of the tasks which are processed. User can adjust or set the priority of certain tasks, in which result the other tasks to queue up until the preceding task is performed. Every hardware has a driver which acts like a manual. The sixth function in this case, allows the computer to identify and install it without having the computer to thoroughly learn all the details of the hardware. With the Plug and Play technology today, the OS can automatically configure the new devices as the devices are installed on the computer. The OS is also very important by providing a consistent way for software to deal with hardware without having the computer to thoroughly learn all the details of hardware. The OS interacts with the hardware via drivers. An easy example would be installing a printer to many computers. The seventh function allows user to easily connect to the internet instead of having to configure the tedious broadband service. OS can automatically configure the internet connection. The OS also function as a performance monitor, which in this case identify and reports information about the software or the devices of the computer. File management allows user to easily access their files and documents by allowing users to organize it. It also allows user to search or locate their files at ease and install new programs or software. The ninth function is important because without it, the computer will be a mess where all the files and programs are not well organized and randomly wonders in the computer. The OS also provides other utility such as cleaning up, defragmenting, diagnosing, and backing up the files and disks. With internet access, the OS is able to notify the user or update software automatically when an update is available. Many OS today comes with the automatic update feature. These updates are useful when it comes to fixing program bugs and errors. Sometimes, these updates can enhance the performance of the driver. Last but not least, the OS is also meant for controlling the network and administering security by providing an administrator account. A typical account usually consist of the user ID and password. Without the OS, the computer is said to be useless and unable to perform. The example of a personal computer OS are: Windows7, Mac OS X, Linux, Amigo, Haikuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. Operating System Details Name of OS Company Current version Average Price Capabilities Additional Info. Amiga OS 4 Hyperion Entertainment 4.1 Update $164 eCom Station Serenity Systems OS/2 Home Student (5 licenses)- $149 Business Edition (unlimited licenses) -$259 Haiku Haiku Inc. R1/Alpha2 Free Mac OS X Apple Inc. 10.6.7 Bundled with hardware Upgrades: $29-$49 OS/2 IBM and Microsoft 4.52 $300 PC-BSD PC-BSD Software 8.2 Free Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows 7 (Build 7601: Service Pack 1) Home Basic (Retail) $99.95, Home Premium (Retail) $119.95, Business (Retail) $299.95, Ultimate (Retail) $300.95 RISC OS Acorn Computers,  Castle Technology,  RISCOS Ltd,  RISC OS Open RISC OS  6.10 Select4i4 and RISC OS 5.13 Bundled with hardware Sold separately at $127 ZETA yellowTAB 1.2 Discontinued ReactOS ReactOS development team 0.3.13 Free Ubuntu Canonical Ltd.  /  Ubuntu Foundation 11.04 Free Linux based Google Chrome OS Google Inc. 0.12.433.57 (Beta)   Beginning at $349 Linux based Windows 7 versus Mac OS X Snow Leopard Interface GUI (ease of use) Desktop Image retrieved from arstechnica.com The differences between the Windows 7s desktop (on the left) and Mac OS Xs desktop (on the right) is that the Windows 7 allows you to add gadgets on the windows sidebar gadgets. In addition, if a program is running on the Windows 7, you are able to see that the application icon is highlighted at the bottom. Whereas, to see whether a program is running on the Mac or not, it requires an additional steps by putting the mouse arrow to the second last icon on the Mac OS Xs dock. A list will appear indicating which programs are in use like the image bellow. Image retrieved from arstechnica.com It can also be seen in the previous image, that the position of the desktop icon and the minimize, restore down/up, and close buttons are different. In Windows 7, the desktop icon default position is on the left, and the buttons are on the top right of the windows explorer. On a Mac OS X, the positions as well as the order of the buttons are different, having this order from the left close, minimize, and restore up/down. Toolbar/ docks Image retrieved from arstechnica.com Instead of using the feature call toolbar, the Mac OS X uses something call the dock to locate the applications and so on. As one can reference from the image below, the dock actually looks graphically nicer than the windows toolbar. As the user place the mouse arrow along the dock, the software icon will expand slightly indicating it is selected. Image retrieved from arstechnica.com However, say when the same internet browser is been launched twice, windows 7 Compatibility Hardware (drivers) HDD>file system types :format cannot support OS Commonly used File System Types Windows7 Mac OS X FAT Yes FAT16 Yes No FAT32 Yes No NTFS Yes Yes (Read only) Software (games) Chemistry sketch Internet explorer Gunbound Emulators: no$GBA, ndsemume Maple story Boot Camp BOOT CAMP (Window7 thing) Price( bought separately, MAC is always bundled with hardware) Performance Speed Battery/power consumption If one can never convert just a simple criticism to a form of motivating device, yet taking it personally and one will never learn Overall Users preference

The Banker-Customer Relationship

The Banker-Customer Relationship Banker Customer Relationship In the light of a massive erosion of the principle of confidentiality. In the Banker/ Customer Relationship Review Committee on Banking Services Law (1989) recommended that the government should not further extend the statutory exceptions to the duty of confidentiality, without taking full account of the consequences for the banker/ customer relationship Critically discuss how the principles of confidentiality has developed the potential aspect on banker/customer relationship. The banking service plays a major role in within modern society. It is estimated that over 90% of all adults in the UK hold a bank or building society account. Therefore the proper deliver of services by banks is of significance to the majority of UK consumers. The issue of confidentiality is an essential feature of the service. In 1989, the Treasury and the Bank of England set up the first independent review on banking services law and practice within the UK. That report is known as the Jack Report. The objectives of the report were to achieve four main objectives: i) achieve fairness and transparency of dealings ii) maintain confidence iii) promote efficiency iv) preserve the bankers duty of confidentiality. Amongst its 83 recommendations, the Report recommended that the government should not further extend the statutory exceptions to the duty of confidentiality, without taking full account of the consequences for the bank/customer relationship. This paper seeks to analyze how the principles of confidentiality have developed since 1989 in relation to the banker and consumer. History The obligations of confidentiality in relation to banking law within the UK stem from the common law. The leading case in this area was Tournier v National Provincial and Union Bank of England. The bank had released information related to the plaintiffs debt to the bank to his employers, and this subsequently led to his dismissal. The Court of Appeal confirmed that it is an implied term of the banker/customer contract that the banker has a duty of secrecy. In the circumstances of the case, it was found that the bank had breached its duty, and the court found for the plaintiff. Bankes LJ stated that confidentiality may be breached: i) Where disclosure is made under compulsion of law; ii) Where there is a duty to the public to disclose iii) Where the interests of the bank requires disclosure iv) Where the disclosure is made by the express or implied consent of the customer. The decision was more recently affirmed by the Court of Appeal in 1989 in Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale. Therefore, the primary rule in UK banking law is that all information relating to the state of a customers account, or any of his transactions with the bank, or any information relating to the customer acquired through the keeping of his account is confidential, subject to the four Tournier exceptions. Statutory Law The first exception in Tournier permits the bank to disclose confidential information under compulsion of law. This may be either at common law or statute. The Committee took the view that too many inroads had been made by legislation into banking confidentiality. At the time of the Jack Report, the following legislative exceptions existed:- Banking Acts The Banking Act 1979 was the first formal legal framework to banking regulation within the UK. Part V of the Banking Act 1987 sets out restrictions on the disclosure of information without consent. It does not extend to any information within the public domain. Exceptions are set out at Sections 83 and 84. These permit, inter alia, restricted information may be released to an auditor if that information would assist the FSA in discharging its functions. Section 7 The Bankers Books and Evidence Act 1879 This permits any party to legal proceedings to apply to the court for an order granting him permission to inspect and take copies of any entries in a bankers books, for the purposes of such proceedings. This power is discretionary, and will only be exercised with great caution. An order is only usually made against the account of the party who is involved in the litigation or, if it is in the name of some other person, the account which is really the account of the party. It will only be made against non parties in very exceptional circumstances. Further, there is an implied undertaking on discovery only to use the documents for the purposes of the action in which discovery is given. The Taxes Management Act 1970 S1 2 Various provisions under this act permit the Commissioners to decide whether or not in their opinion tax has been unlawfully evaded. Therefore, the ambit of this exception is wide. However, it is only the office holder, such as the Administrator or liquidator that may make an application to the court for an order under this provision. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 The police are entitled to obtain access to special procedure material for the purposes of criminal investigation. If an order is made relating to bank confidential information, the bank is under no obligation to resist the order, nor to inform the customer that an order is being sought. Financial Services Act 1986 S177 allows the Secretary of State to appoint inspectors to carry out investigations to establish whether or not an offence of insider dealing has been committed. The Inspectors may order any person whom they consider may be able to give information to produce any documents in his possession or control. Insolvency Act 1986 s.236(1) The court may summon any person known or suspected to be in possession of any property of the company or supposed to be indebted to the company; or any person whom the court thinks capable of giving information concerning the promotion, formation, dealings, affairs or property of the company. It can require production of any records in his possession or control relating to these issues. The provision is not limited to documents required to reconstitute the state of the companys knowledge. Criminal Justice Act 1987 By Section 2, in cases of serious or complex fraud, the Director of the Serious Fraud Office may require any person to produce specified documents that appear to the Director to relate to any matter relevant to the investigation. The Jack Report The report examined the bankers duty of confidentiality and, in particular, the exception at iii) above in the Tournier case that disclosure may be permitted where the interest of the bank requires disclosure. The committee recommended that legislation should be enacted to state that damages for breach of confidentiality should include compensation for distress, embarrassment or inconvenience, regardless of whether financial loss could be proved. The report expressed concern in particular in relation to the growing perception within some banks that they are permitted to release confidential information to other members of their group without any express consent. An additional concern related to the disclosure of confidential information to credit reference agencies. These issues were considered in Turner v Royal Bank of Scotland PLC. In that case, the bank had responded to a number of status enquiries in its standard coded terms appears to be fully committed at present). The court heard evidence that it was the standard practice of all banks not to seek customers consents. The Court of Appeal held that customers were entitled, under Tournier, to have their affairs kept confidential, and it was not for banks to privately agree otherwise. The banking code now makes clear the banks obligations in these regards. The Committee was concerned that the balance between public interest and private rights had moved too far in the direction of disclosure. It is therefore clear, in light of the Jack Report, that the third exception within Tournier should not be used other than within the narrowest of situations. The government responded cautiously to the Report, but supported the idea of a voluntary code of practice. A voluntary code was developed by the banks. Although the code is voluntary, Almost all banks subscribe to it. The March 2003 edition of the Banking Code sets out the banks obligations of confidentiality, which reflect the four exceptions within Tournier. The Code also makes clear that the third exception within Tournier is designed to protect the institutions legitimate interests, and does not extend to the transfer of information for marketing purposes unless the customer has provided specific consent to such disclosure. Developments since the Jack Report Since 1989, arguments in favour of disclosure have increased. This arises out of growing concerns related to drug trafficking and other forms of organized crimes. Concerns have escalated in the wake of 9/11 and the war on terrorism. Therefore, since the Report, the government has enacted further legislation, which create much tighter obligations on banks to disclose information relating to drug trafficking, money laundering, and terrorism, as follow. Drug Trafficking Act 1994 This provides that where a person discloses to a constable a suspicion that funds are used in connection with drug trafficking, that disclosure will not be a breach of any statutory or other legal restriction. The police are also permitted to apply to the court for an order for disclosure in appropriate circumstances. Money Laundering Regulations 2001 The new regulations add a power to the commissioners to enter and inspect money service operators premises. It also empowers the commissioners to seek a court order requiring any person in possession of specified information to allow them access to it, where there are reasonable grounds for believe that a money laundering offence has been committed. Part 3 Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001 This act was passed extremely quickly in response to the terrorist attacks on 11th September 2001. The Act was intended to ensure that government departments and agencies can collect and share information required for countering the terrorist threat. The disclosure powers within Part 3 have proved controversial, particularly since those powers are not limited to anti-terrorist investigations. There is naturally a perceived danger of citizens privacy rights being breached if hitherto confidential information is disclosed to the police or intelligence agencies under this new legislation. The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 Under this Act, a crown court judge may make a disclosure order requiring any person to give tot he Director of the Assets Recovery Agency any relevant information. Under Sections 370-375, the court may also make a customer information order, which requires a bank to provide information relating to the affairs of the customer. Civil Procedure Rules Part 31 The requirements for disclosure are extended beyond the pre 1999 court rules. The court has developed powers to order discovery of information at the earliest stages of an action to assist a claimant to trace and recover property to which he claims he is wrongfully deprived. Conclusion The Jack Committee felt that too many inroads had been made by legislation into banking confidentiality, and recommended that consolidating legislation be enacted. It requested that any future exemptions should be made by reference to the new provision, and any not so made would not override the central duty of confidentiality. No such legislation was introduced. The government did not accept that there had been a massive erosion of the duty. It is submitted however that the exceptions in 1989 were extremely wide, as set out above. Exceptions existed if there was suspicion of tax evasion, any crime (under PACE), insider dealing, or fraud. Further, documents were even then disclosable without any criminal activity, in the case of an insolvent company or where civil proceedings were commenced. The government has since enacted extensive additional legislation which further undermines the obligation of confidentiality, creating a new suspicion based reporting regime. The government will argue that the further inroads are justified in the fight against terrorism, drug trafficking and other serious crime. The government must be seen to strike an appropriate balance in confidentiality laws vis a vis civil rights and public interest. The important question is whether todays consumers accept that there is justification for the diminished duty. Consumers would normally view all information within the banks possession as entirely confidential, not to be released without their explicit consent. It is submitted however that, in light of todays atmosphere of abhorrence to terrorism and crimes that may fund terrorism, such as drug trafficking and money laundering, the inroads to the duty seem palatable. Of course, the exemptions are far wider than most consumers would expect. For example, under the Bankers Books and Evidence Act, or under Part 31 of the Civil Procedure Rules, the court can require disclosure from a bank in connection with any civil court proceedings. This will not necessarily involve cases where there is any suspicion of criminal activity, and may simply relate to an alleged, ill founded claim for breach of contract. It is essential in todays society that consumers are able to maintain trust in their bank, and rely on the implicit confidentiality of the relationship. The right to privacy is of fundamental importance to most consumers This is essential particularly in commerce. It is not conducive to commercial efficiency to have information relating to trading made open to competitors. A breach of confidence to a competitor can cause immediate, irreparable and incalculable loss to a company. The courts have emphasized that there is a strong public interest in maintaining confidentiality based on the moral principles of loyalty and fair dealing. Consumers disclose information to banks on the understanding that it will remain confidential. Of course, disclosure is justified in exceptional circumstances, for example control of banking fraud, or where an individual is involved in money laundering profits from terrorism or drug trafficking. However, it is submitted that the current extent of the statutory exceptions go far beyond this. Bibliography Banking Litigation Warne Elliot, Sweet Maxwell 1999 Encyclopedia of Banking Law, Cresswell and others Butterworths 2004 Halsburys Laws of England, volume 3(1), 4th Edition Halsburys Laws of England 2001 Annual Abridgement (Paragraph 278) Modern Banking law Ellinger, Limnicka Hooley, 3rd Edition Oxford 2002 The Law Relating to Domestic Banking Pen Shea, 2nd Edition Sweet Maxwell Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001 Banking Code March 2003 Data Protection Act 1988 Drug Trafficking Act 1994 Evidence (Proceedings in other jurisdictions) Act 1975 Insolvency Act 1986 Money Laundering Regulations 2001 SI 2001/3641 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1988 Taxes Management Act 1970 Bhinji v Chatwani (No 3) [1992] 4 All ER 913 British Commonwealth Holdings plc (joint administrators) v Spicer Oppenheim (a firm) [1993] AC 426 Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale [1989] 1 WLR 1341 Peterson v Idaho First National Bank 83 Idaho 578 Tournier v National Provincial and Union Bank of England [1924] 1 KB 461 CA Turner v Royal Bank of Scotland PLC (1999) CA (Civ Div) 24.3.99) Banking Services: Law and Practice Report by the Review Committee Professor Robert Jack CM 622 1989 Cracking the codes for bank customers Banking services Consumer code review group, May 2001. www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media Court Rules on Duty of Confidentiality Lovells International Law Office www.internationallawoffice.com

Compare and Contrast 2Pac & Saint John the Baptist Essay -- Tupac Shak

Compare and Contrast 2Pac & Saint John the Baptist Although they lived in very different times, Tupac Shakur and Saint John the Baptist had many commonalities. Both became extremely famous for expressing what they believed. The media's portrayal of Tupac Shakur as a tattooed thug has focused public attention on his accused crimes instead of his music. This rapper, raised in Marin City, California, by a Black Panther mother, is more complex than his enemies like to admit. Shakur (who performs as 2Pac) was a talented lyricist with a gift for storytelling and getting his point across to our youth. He continued to grow as a writer on his hard-hitting album, â€Å"All Eyez on Me† which benefits from West Coast-style production by such artists as Dr. Dre. Recorded shortly after Shakur was released on bail from a prison sentence for sexual assault, the double album shows a relatively contemplative rapper who's ready to make peace with some of his demons. The following list of positive lyrics from Eyez and 2Pac's previous albums certainly doesn't make him a saint, but it does reveal surprising emotional depth: 1. "Life Goes On," All Eyez on Me : In one of the most touching moments on his new album, the rapper with "Thug Life" tattooed on his chest shows that he isn't insensitive to the loss of those he loves: "How many brothers fell victim to the streets / Rest in peace young niggaz / Is there heaven for a G? / Be a lie if I told ya that I never thought of death / My nigga, we the last one's left / And life goes on." 2. "Dear Mama," Me Against the World : An insightful 2Pac repents the stress that he's caused his mother: "Mama, I finally understand / For a woman it ain't easy trying to raise a man / You always was committed / A poor single mother on welfare / Tell me how you did it / There's no way that I can pay you back / But the plan is to show you that I understand. / You are appreciated." 3. "Keep Ya Head Up," Strictly 4 My Niggaz : With a kind of compassion that is rare from any performer - let alone a gangsta rapper - 2Pac advises: "Be real to our women / And if we don't we'll have a race of babies / Who hate the ladies / That make the babies / And since a man can't make one / He has no right to tell a woman when and where to create one." Hard to believe this is the guy who wrote "Wonda Why They Call U Bitch." 4. "Brenda's Got a Baby," 2Pa... ... ghetto kids not believe in God. Why? So that's wrong religion -I believe in God, I believe God puts us wherever we want to be at. They didn't make sense that God would put us in the ghetto. That means he wants us to work hard to get up out of here.† Tupac’s notion as to where God puts us where we should be and that we shouldn’t have to go into a church to praise him and talk to him, it’s similar to St. John the Baptist lifestyle while living in the Desert of Judea. Even though the desert and the ghetto were different, that’s where they both came from. Both are very similar, because both didn’t have material things, only the necessities to live and sometimes not even that. Like 2Pac, John the Baptist didn’t live in the ghetto but he made due with the same provisions. He wore clothes that were made of camels’ hair, and his food consisted of locus and wild honey. In conclusion, this was overall an interesting assignment. I’ve learned that we don’t need depend on material things. Both people were humble and made due with what they had.. And both lived a hard, yet influential life. They tried to give back to the community as much as they could with their wisdom and views on life.

The Happiness and Misery of Monsieur Lantin in The Jewels Essay

The Happiness and Misery of Monsieur Lantin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of â€Å"The Jewels†, Lantin meets the woman of his dreams (and of every other man’s) and immediately falls in love with and marries her. Their lives go on in perfect harmony and happiness, and every day Lantin falls more deeply in love with his adorable wife. Lantin has only two complaints about the character of his wife: her love of the theater and her love of fake jewelry. Eventually Lantin stops going to the theater, and his wife goes alone. After returning from the theater one night, his wife develops a cough and dies eight days later. This point marks the beginning of Lantin’s misery as he uncovers more about his wife than he might have wanted to know.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lantin is very happily married to his wife, and the reader gets the impression that everyone else in the community feels she is a fine woman to have as a wife. â€Å"Happy the man who wins her love! He could not find a better wife† (Maupassant 105). The reader learns just how devoted he is to his wife when he confesses that after six years of marriage, he loves his wife even more than he did at first. Lantin’s life seems a perfect picture of what a happy marriage should be, but then it changes suddenly and drastically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Lantin’s wife comes home one night with a chill and dies eight days later, Lantin is devastated. His life is filled with sorrow and despair and even â€Å"time, the...

First Date in A Bad Restaurant :: essays papers

First Date in A Bad Resteraunt It was a beautiful fall evening. The sun was just beginning to give way to incoming twilight. I could smell winter in the air, even through my closed window. Soon there'd be snow on the ground. Matchbox Twenty was playing on my clock radio." I want to push you around...† The mood was set for a soft autumn night. However the mood inside my room was quite different. I was running around trying to do a million things a one time. My makeup was all wrong for my outfit. My hair was too big, no, now too flat. My stomach was rolling inside itself. My poor tummy was on tumble dry and I couldn't quite get it to stop. I couldn't find my shoes; my shirt had foundation on the side. What I really wanted to do was to sit on my bed and cry. Brian had called twenty minutes before the chaos. I could not believe he had called me. He probably thought I was stupid because I was so tongue-tied. He asked me if I would mind coming to dinner with him and a few of his friends. Would I mind? Do cows moo? The horn honked. My frustration grew. If this was a real date, my first one ever, shouldn't he come to the door and pick me up? Maybe take my arm in his and lead me to the car? I had envisioned my first date to at least start off right. This must be an omen. I walked out the door. The moment I heard the click of the lock I knew I looked horrible. A million thoughts raced through my mind, among these were the fact that I should have worn the blue shirt, my hair looks horrible, and oh God everyone is watching me. I tried to hide the sheer gut-retching fear that was boiling in my stomach. I had to do this. I was in too deep to turn and run now. My sweet chariot of the night was a 1988 van. Rust covered the bumper and half of the door. The color of had once been maroon, however had now faded to a slight orange color. Alternative rock boomed from the less then quality speakers. There were at least 6 people in the car, and it was rocking from side to side, in time to the beat.

Job Analysis Essay

The reason for job analysis is to study and evaluate the things that a job is supposed to involve. This is describing exactly what skills are needed to perform the job, and what the exact qualifications are to fill the position. Job analysis is a method needed when the employee need to know the precise function. An example would be that an employee’s duties should be clearly stated. So, a jobs analyst is to observe the employee at his or her current duties. This is also helpful in deciding what the requirements are to perform this job more effectively. As well jobs continue to change so a job analyst n should watch for any changes so that things are kept put o date. The job analyst should therefore be familiar with the job a well as the position. â€Å"The job analysis will lead directly to development of numerous other significant workers (tools): job requirements, job assessment as well as job performance criteria† (Spector, 2008). Today families are shattered, language barriers are high, violence is a standard, and then education which does not get to high a priority. Counselors typically deal with these types of students that have tangible needs, emotional troubles, and behavioral issues. Counselors have an ear for listening; shoulders to cry on and a firm facilitator for regulations are what a school counselor should use. Before becoming a school counselor a person needs to become part of the educational system as a teacher. There are 10 principles that significant according to the Interstate New Teachers Assessment and Support Consortium when reviewing candidates for the position of school counselor. These principle consist of â€Å"learning styles and diversity, motivation and behavior, interpersonal relationships, communication and knowledge, instructional strategies and problem solving, planning for instruction, making content meaningful, assessment, child development and learning theory, and planning for instruction† INTASC, 2008). Many educators, mainly at an elementary age level, have a filled classroom with minimal resources in regards to discipline. It is important to keep a firm control of authority so as to support appropriate learning environment. Behavior is a test demonstrated by students to push more each day in bold new ways. Since these ideas have been said a prospective counselor in education needs to discern and recognize the benefits as well as the risks that are involved. The risks implicated the issues with reluctant and non participating family members with his or her child’s plan for behavioral concerns. The benefits are clear, when a school s filled with enjoyable, interactive programs t is pursued by a renewed sense of elation to from the students. Position Analysis Questionnaire Method The importance of job analysis in education is imperative. A systematic evaluation of a position for a school counselor aids in the supervised development of quality job performance. An Industrial and Organizational Psychologist employ wide range of techniques to perform accurate analysis on all jobs. An example would be functional job analysis, task inventories, job components inventory, and position analysis questionnaire. School counselors at the elementary level are most commonly given the positions analysis questionnaire. Job position for school counselors reflects services, codes, and programs this s found n Chapter 33 of the Texas Educational Code, Title 2 of the Texas Education Agency, or TEA. The basis of employment positions are required skills and the education a person needs to have to apply for a job. Counselors in Texas, has to have a degree n a Masters program with an credited University also have an official teaching certificate from Texas. In addition a people are required to teach a classroom setting for two years or more before an application for the counselor’s certification will be processed. A good score on certification examinations and a national finger print background check will then allow for the person to become an accredited applicant for school counselor (TEA, 2011). In 1996 across the state of Texas the Texas Evaluation Model for Professional School Counselors (TEMPSCO) was implemented. This serves as a form of regular analysis of an all school counselors. It is also pertinent for counselors teaching grades Pre-School -12th grades. It is documented on The School Guidance and Counseling Job Evaluation Form. Eight Domains of Job Performance There are a multitude of sub categories to the eight domains that are observed in the job analysis. This includes certain standards of personal behavior and job performance of the person in this position. All of the standards are provided by the Texas Education Code, Title 2, Public Education, Subtitle F. Curriculum, Programs, and Services: Service Programs nd Extracurricular Activities; Subchapter A; School Counselors and Counseling Programs (TEA, 2011). This requires practicing counselors to assess, arrange and administer developmental programs (including resources in a program and paraprofessionals) designed for other teachers, parents as well as students. Developmental programs need to concentrate on developing decision making, interpersonal effectiveness, self confidence, goal setting, cross cultural effectiveness, planning, communication, responsible behavior, and motivation to achieve (TEA, 2011). Also a school counselor is directed to oversee, review as well as plan guidance programs for students that have â€Å"developmental needs†. These needs are made up of physical disabilities, behavioral disorders, as well as learning disabilities. The addition of students who have disabilities is the essential goal for the TEA. Seen throughout the school district are the continued encouragement of other students and more importantly the parents of the child all through the domain of program management and guidance requirements. A school counselor is suppose to be able to openly counsel the students n a time of emergency, suffering, and other non specified issues. School counselors need to therefore consider many variables and use core concepts that are use n the field of Psychology. TEA advises the counselors to be current on theories and techniques that are believed to be satisfactory to achieve and establish individual, learning, community and occupational development for the students. There is a high standard for professionalism and compliance that counselors are held to. School counselors have to reflect proper moral, ethical, as well as lawful standards of behavior. Indecent use of communications or language and violation of school rules will not be allowed during any time for anyone that is n the educational system. This person is not only an advocate for the school, the students and parents, as well as the entire field of psychology. Reliability and Validity Reality and validity in regards to the job analysis of school counselor has significantly improving in comparison to earlier performed evaluations. The text materials and research carefully provides insight into each category and the requirement for each job position for further review and research. A list of certifications and prerequisite procedures are also listed. Evaluating eight levels of job requirements are: counseling, student assessment, professional standards, rogram management, coordination, guidance, and consulting (TEA, 2011). There are several columns or questions the evaluator has to answer. This is done with a score of 1-5 with each of the eight domain levels. The equivalent of the rating scale reflects the following: 1=unsatisfactory, 2=below, 3= meets the standards. 4=exceeds the standards, and 5= clearly outstanding. If the criteria or standard doesn’t pertain to the applicant during the evaluation NA will also apply. There is also a place on the evaluation to be left blank intentionally that will be used by the evaluator that includes his or her personal information, notes telling strengths additional comments that he or she has for the personnel, as well as areas that need to be worked on. Conclusion Depression, addictions, bipolar disorder, stress, divorce, anger, post traumatic stress disorder, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are just a few of the many factors and disorders that a person would receive advice, therapy, and counseling. These disorders and factors affect numerous students and families alike. Therefore there is a need for ethical, compassionate, and competent school counselors are essential. There is also a dramatic difference in the salary based scale and the worth of a job position for school counselors and a professional licensed counselor n private practice. However, the wish to better children’s lives through forms of developmental programs, advocacy for success and psychotherapy, outweigh any financial gain.

Accomplishing Goals

Donnaree Allison I have always been told the choices I make now are going to determine my future. Everyone goes through a struggle and I have had my fair share, but no matter how hard I knew exactly what I wanted. I wanted to succeed. I was struggling in High School and decided to give up. It didn’t take long for me to realize this is not what I wanted. By dropping out of High School I wasn’t succeeding. I thought to myself how could I accomplish any of the goals I set for myself? So I decided to enroll in Job Corps and attained my G. E. D within two months. That wasn’t enough. I wanted to go to college.Choosing a college was hard. Then it dawned on me what better college than the one my mom attended, and so I chose Monroe. Goal is a very important subject for me. I have already planned and completed some of my goals, which improved me a lot, however, my long time goals in the future are not easy as the past; it will take a longer time to complete and will be the most challenging mission for me, but with determination and hard work I will pull through. The first thing I am doing is complete my education. I plan to put my best foot forward excelling through each college course.I want to absorb as many learning opportunities and experiences as possible. In conclusion no matter how old or young one is; it is never too late or too early to start working towards an educational goal in becoming a college graduate! Like My Mother always said it is only the lack of belief in ourselves that stops us from achieving those things and it is only through our own understanding, ability and perseverance that we see them become realities until then, they are little more than visions in a crystal ball, with no chance of development.

Minorities in Australian Literature Essay

Australian literature consists of many representations of the ‘Australian way of life’ that are constructed by numerous national stereotypes. Various critics argue that the current literary representations of the average Australian do not embrace enough cultural diversity through the incorporation of indigenous people, females and ethnic communities. The representations of Australian people have changed dramatically over a period of time. While the first Australian literary pieces consisted of only one specific brand of person, neglecting women and aborigines, during the nation’s development and the arrival of more ethnic people, there was a rise in the representations of these minority groups. Following this, in the late 20th century to current years, these minority groups have begun to express and represent themselves through writing. Despite the most common representation of the Australian person not including these minorities, there has been a significant change in their representations through literature and the version that does not include them, is predominately used through non-literary works. The common representation of the Australian people is a tough Anglo-Saxon male who works in labour intensive jobs. This portrayal has been used heavily to identify Australians, particularly by the current media, to build on the Australian image. The concept of this type of person representing the whole nation was formed from traditional texts in the 19th century, when the writers were almost entirely white European males and chose to write only of people like themselves. â€Å"When the ladies come to the shearing shed† and â€Å"Clancy from the overflow,† are examples of the types of literary pieces that were written in the 19th century, which focus on the white men of Australia who work in tough jobs in the outback. â€Å"When the ladies come to the shearing shed,† written by Henry Lawson in 1897 is about the reactions of Australian men when women are in their presence. The poem composes the image of masculine men who work in a shearing shed, and represents their job as noble, as women come from the city to watch them. Women are represented as delicate objects of affection that hold little importance to the story. The only time in which the women are described doing or saying something is when they comment on the appearance of the animals, â€Å"and they gush and say in a girly way, that ‘the dear little lambs’ are ‘sweet. ’† This being the only thing that women say, illustrates that they did not hold any real significance to the story, and their opinions were completely left out. The way in which the women are portrayed in the poem is not necessarily negative, but they are not particularly valued characters, and are seen as the ‘other’. This is due to the attempt of a white male providing his personal opinion on the way another type of person acts, which creates a distorted representation. The men and women in this text have an obvious separation between them, and it is express that they are on very different levels, which is not an accurate portrayal of real life. â€Å"Clancy of the overflow† was written in 1889 by one of Australia’s most famous poets, Banjo Paterson. The story shares the same representation of the Australian male, who works with animals out in the â€Å"bush. † In the poem Paterson attempts to personify the quintessential Australian, and who believes every man should be which is a strong worker who is in touch with life on the land. Through the eyes of an office worker the poem represents outback life as desired over city living and working, â€Å"I am sitting in my dingy little office, where a stingy ray of sunlight struggles feebly down between the houses tall. † Clancy, and his outback life is represented as desired by the city dweller, â€Å"And I somehow fancy that I’d like to change with Clancy, like to take a turn at droving where the seasons come and go. † The poem does not include aborigines, women or ethnic people, which by today’s standard is frowned upon but in the time of the poems creation was common in texts. These two, and many more texts from Banjo Paterson and Henry Lawson reinforce the argument that the personification of the Australian person was most commonly used in traditional Australian literature, and the opinions of the minority groups are excluded. Progressing from the prejudiced representation that they received from male writers, women have become just as equally common and successful as men in Australian literature. In today’s Australian society, women are in a better situation than indigenous and ethnic Australians in terms of equality, which makes their characterization in literary works more familiar. The liberation of women in Australian literature has given females the opportunity to write about and express themselves through their personal opinions, creating countless female Australian authors. â€Å"If I had a gun† is a poem written by Gig Ryan, that represents her confronting attitudes toward the men that surround her. The poem consists of Gig Ryan explaining the men that she would shoot because of their disrespectful attitude towards women. There is . She uses particular examples of the way men in society sexualize her and other women, â€Å"I’d shoot the man who whistled from his balcony. † She even writes about the smallest occurrences that frustrate her, illustrating that she doesn’t accept any form of gender superiority, â€Å"I’d shoot the man last night who said smile honey. † A woman writing about the men that she would figuratively murder, shows the growth that Australian literature has endured. Many years prior, women were only rarely written about and their true feelings and perspectives were silenced. Now, they have the opportunity to voice their opinions, even in a confronting manner and still be embraced by the Australian public. Throughout the 20th century, women, aborigines and ethnic people began to be identified and represented more regularly, however still commonly through the perspective of Anglo-Saxon males. Despite this improvement, the ‘others’ could not represent themselves, so someone else represented them. This obviously led to a one-sided representation, because no matter how sympathetic the author was, they were viewing things through their own perspective, which is particularly evident with the aboriginal representations in texts. The novel â€Å"Coonardo† written by Katherine Susannah Pritchard addresses the complex issues of ownership and the colonial enterprise that was present in its publication date of 1958. It contains the flourishing inter-racial relationship of Hugh, a non-indigenous landowner and Coonardo, an indigenous woman as the solution to these difficult situations. This was an early time in Australia for a topic like this to become a successful novel, especially because the author held a non-biased perspective throughout the novel, which would have limited readers to those who did not have a strong opinion on these matters. David Malouf’s â€Å"Remembering Babylon† (1993) deals with the problem of how to represent difference and reversing the representations of the ‘other’. The main character, Gemmy lived in an aboriginal community for 16 years and an eventual â€Å"rescue† of him by white settlers creates a â€Å"double consciousness† that does not allow for him to fully re-embrace his white culture that soon becomes the ‘other’. Malouf, despite his white heritage does achieve a very open-minded representation of the aboriginal people. He appears to show sympathy towards the indigenous community, which allows him to tell the story through their eyes, casting the white people and the things they did as bad. The point of view throughout the novel is mainly of the tribe that Gemmy belonged to, instead of himself. The novel, while containing a great racial tolerance and acceptance towards the indigenous people, does however, still support the notion of the unstable relationship between non-indigenous and indigenous Australians. â€Å"Remembering Babylon† provides a more in depth representation from the point of view of the aboriginal people, whereas â€Å"Coonardo† represents both races equally from an outsider’s perspective. Many ethnic immigrants have been left with the smallest amount of representations in Australian literature, due to the White Australia Policy lasting up until the mid 20th century, which has rendered their Australian legacy very young. This obviously has now left them struggling to be represented in key texts because of their short history. Ethnic groups who are represented in literary works that are accepted within the mainstream aren’t immensely common. However when these ethnic groups are personified, it creates a highly accurate representation of the average Australian communities. Carlos Tsiolkas is a Greek-Australian author, who wrote â€Å"The slap,† a popular, contemporary piece of Australian literature that was turned into a television series. This novel naturally integrates white, Greek, Indian and indigenous Australians into a friendship community, illustrating the genuine multicultural society of Australia. Tsiolkas’s heritage assists him in providing an accurate representation of what it is like for these ethnic characters to live in Australia, because he has the ability to write from experience and represent himself. â€Å"The slap† does not have an obvious focus on the inter-racial relationships that it contains, but due to the variety of ethnicity that is incorporated into the characters, it is clear to see that the author made a conscious decision to include a range of cultural diversity in his novel. Ethnic immigrants who become successful authors usually write about their experiences in Australia, that become popular within the Anglo-Australian community, as their pieces offer a different view point, that challenges the way Australians view themselves. â€Å"The ungrateful immigrant† is a poem by Yu Ouyang that is an example of an ethnic author challenging the common perception of the ‘Australian way of life’. The poem is Ouyang’s personal view on Australia and its people, challenging the common belief that Australians are friendly and welcoming people, particularly to immigrants. He speaks about many elements of the country that he does not agree with or particularly like, and the negative way that the Australian people have responded to him. â€Å"You think that because I came to and live in Australia, I should be grateful for the rest of my life. † He even says that his decision to migrate to Australia was an â€Å"irreversible mistake. † This poem, like â€Å"if I had a gun† speaks very negatively about certain groups of people and challenges many common ideologies that exist about the ’Australian way of life,’ however it is still recognized and appreciated as a passionate literary piece. It would be understandable for many Australians to get offended and disregard this text due to the challenging opinions that it contains, but the piece has been accepted into the community because it is seen as an Australian person giving his opinion on his country. Also similar to â€Å"if I had a gun,† â€Å"The ungrateful immigrant† shows the progress in Australian literature and the different representations of the ‘Australian way of life’ that it now contains. It is evident that these literary works provide evidence that supports the argument that, despite the common stereotype of Australian people still being an Anglo-Saxon male, Australian literature does provide an immense variety of representations of women, indigenous Australians, and ethnic communities. They also illustrate the progression of Australian literature, from when it contained an incredibly narrow group of representations, to now when it contains an abundance of different racial and gendered authors and characters that contribute to the production of literary pieces, and the representations of the Australians that they contain. It is important, when analyzing the national identity of Australian way of life to evaluate the state of its literature, and the representations that it contains and upholds.

All about Botox

Botox is the notable drug for the toxins generated by a bacterium called Clostridium botulinum. When taken in large amounts, the said toxin may be the cause of botulism which is closely related to food poisoning. Although paralysis is the most serious complication that may be brought about by botulism, scientists have formulated ways as to how the said toxin may be beneficiary for humans. The application of small concentration of the Botox, which is done through injection in specific muscled areas, controls the weakening of the muscles.This was approved in the latter part of 1980's by the FDA. The discovery of the Botox was found to be an aid for some ailments like the uncontrolled blinking, which is known as the blepharospasm and the lazy eye which is also called strabismus. It is also well documented that most cosmetologist has been using Botox for many years proving that it can successfully treat skin conditions like wrinkles and facial creases (â€Å"Skin Conditions: Botox Cosme tic Treatment,† 2008). The injection of Botox relaxes the facial muscles that form and cause wrinkles so that they appear less noticeable.However, Botox injection does not last long. The use of Botox among adults whose age ranges from 18 to 65 was approved by the Food and Drug Administration only that it should be used as a temporary treatment for cases of average to extreme frown lines found amidst the eyebrows, otherwise known as glabellar lines. In some cases Botox can also be employed as a treatment for other wrinkles found in the face, including the lines that extend from the eye corner known as crow's-feet and the forehead furrow.Also, aside from being a treatment for wrinkles, it was also found out that Botox are used for the treatment of other health conditions such as black eyes, headaches, problems of the eye muscle, spasms in the muscles, as well a condition called hyperhidrosis which is characterized by excessive sweating (Botox Injections, 2008). Botox works in a way that it serves as a blockage for the nerve signals going towards the muscles. This avoids the muscles injected with Botox to contract, which, in turn, softens and relaxes the wrinkles.The Botox procedure only takes a few minutes, and there is no anesthesia involved. A fine needle is used to inject the Botox in particular muscle areas with only little discomfort (â€Å"Skin Conditions: Botox Cosmetic Treatment,† 2008). The number of injections needed to be applied depends on various factors which may include the features of a person's face, the degree of the wrinkling, as well as the area that is being treated. Usually, the crow's feet condition is required to have at least two to three injections, while the forehead furrow may require at least five or more injections.The whole procedure takes full effect within three to seven days, and it does not call for any downtime, which means that the person who underwent a Botox treatment may immediately return his or her daily act ivities (Botox injection, 2008). One week prior to the treatment, a person who wishes to undergo Botox treatment is required to avoid alcohol, while medications such anti-inflammatory and aspirins are required to be stopped two weeks prior to the treatment period so as to reduce the bruising after the process.The Botox injection has effects that only last for four to six months. By the time the action in the muscles moderately returns, it is more likely that the wrinkles will re-appear as well and another treatment should be done. However, unlike the first occurrence of the lines and the wrinkles, by the time the effect of the Botox fades away, the appearance of the lines and the wrinkles become less severe because Botox trains the muscles to relax (â€Å"Skin Conditions: Botox Cosmetic Treatment,† 2008).After the Botox procedure, it is expected that a patient would have a headache, but the treated area should not be rubbed or massaged so as to avoid the migration of toxins i n other areas of the face. If the toxins migrate to another area of the face, this may result in temporary weakness of the face, or it its possible that the patient’s face may droop (Botox injection, 2008). It may seem that, after undergoing Botox treatment, the face appears good from a distance, especially for people who are advocates of beauty.However, it is still a medical fact that Botox is a poison, and it is a procedure that may be beneficial for one but dangerous for another (Williams, 2008). Although in practice, some of the fatal effects may be rare which are often attributed to the doctor's skills or to the specific area to be treated, the effects of Botox are not always positive. Hence, it is highly important to know its side effects before one accepts the treatment. The general effects of Botox are dizziness, skin rash, tiredness, muscles spasms, numbness, weakness all over, drowsiness, dryness of the mouth, stiffness, headache, and flu-like syndrome.For specific areas that were treated such as the eye area, there could be a drooping of the upper eyelid, drooping brow, mild inflammation of the eyes’ surface, difficulty in closing the eye, overflow of tears, dryness of the eye, and sensitivity to light. There are some cases that such effects may be encountered: eye surface inflammation, eversion or turning out of the eyelid, turning in or inversion of the eyelid, double vision, facial weakness, drooping of the face, and blurred vision.Effects such as swelling of the eyelids, development of ulcers on the eye surface, as well as glaucoma which is characterized with the increase of the eye pressure, are said to be the effects of Botox that are extremely rare (â€Å"Side Effects and Dangers of Botox,† 2006). Not all people are fit to undergo the Botox procedure. Because of the risks involved with Botox, the biggest problem that a person may have is that rather than looking beautiful and younger, as this is the goal of a person who w ishes to undergo the procedure, it is most likely that an individual may end up looking older (â€Å"Botox,† 2008).Also, some people cannot undergo the procedure due to their condition, especially pregnant patients, mothers who are breastfeeding, and people who are suffering from neurological diseases such as peripheral motor neuropathic disease or meuromuscular functional disorders (â€Å"Side Effects and Dangers of Botox,† 2006). However, it was reported that botulinum toxins are applied to some cases of cerebral palsy as a way to control the spasms of the limbs even though this kind of treatment was not authorized by the food and drug administration.Several investigations by the FDA was documented that the occurrence of several deaths which involve children who were treated for spasms of the leg and some cases of illnesses were accounted for the usage of Botox by the said people to aid certain conditions. It was also discovered that the use of the toxins for cosmeti c treatments may result in the spread of the drug to other areas of the body that may affect the muscles for breathing and swallowing. This may have serious implications which may be fatal (Keenan, 2008).In general, Botox may bring about certain effects that depend on the capability of the doctor who will perform the procedure and the person who will undergo the treatment. Botox may be beneficial for many, but it is still highly important to have knowledge on the underlying negative effects that are overshadowed by its benefit. Although there are rare reports on the fatalities brought by Botox procedure, it is still proven that botulism is to take the blame. This should be taken into consideration before engaging in the procedure.Furthermore, it is suggested that comprehensive studies should be made in order to clarify some points that were not discussed in the study, because the results that were framed in are limited in some areas. References Possible botox risks. (2008). Linkroll . Retrieved August 4, 2008 from http://www. linkroll. com/botox/possible-botox-risks. php. Botox injections. (2008). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved August 4, 2008 from http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/botox/MY00078 Keenan, S. (2008, February 9). The dangers of botox treatments. eNews 2. 0.Retrieved August 4, 2008 from http://www. enews20. com/news_The_Dangers_of_Botox_Treatments_05715. html Side effects & dangers of botox. (2006). Essential Botox Resources. Retrieved August 4, 2008 from http://essential-botox-resources. com/side. html Skin conditions: Botox cosmetic treatment. (2008). Web MD. Retrieved August 4, 2008 from http://www. webmd. com/skin-beauty/botox. Williams, Z. (2008, February 4). We all know that botox is stupid. Now it looks as if it can kill. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved August 4, 2008 from

International Marketing and Business Operations Essay - 1

International Marketing and Business Operations - Essay Example The GDP of Hong Kong was recorded at $369.4 billion and it showed a 5 year compound annual growth of 2.5%. The picture above shows some of the factors which have contributed to making Hong Kong number 1 in the world in the economic freedom index (The Heritage Foundation, 2014). It has fiscal freedom, regulatory efficiency, market openness and rule of law, making it the perfect place for direct investment. This is also evident by looking at the FDI inflow into Hong Kong which stands at a staggering $74.6 billion (The Heritage Foundation, 2014). The growth in the tourism industry of Hong Kong has led to an increase in the numbers of mainland tourists visiting Hong Kong. The stable job market has also increased local positive spending with the retail industry increasing by 11% in current value terms in 2012 (Colliers International, 2013). In 2012, there was an increase in the number of international brands opening their stores in Hong Kong, an act which is a testament to the confidence in the market. There has been an increase in the number of retail outlets in Hong Kong which has attracted even more shoppers from mainland China. The total value of retail sales growth was recorded at an 8.5% YoY growth in November (Colliers International, 2013). Inbound visitors support the retail sector and the figures from the Hong Kong tourism board shows that Hong Kong received a total of 13.5 million inbound visitors during 2013 (Euromonitor International, 2013). This influx of tourists means that there are a lot more potential shoppers in the market than the existing population figures show. The market is ideal for retailing as tourists shoppers are likely to shop and indulge in positive local spending. Another aspect worth noting is the fact that retail rents of shops in key shopping districts and expected to decline by 5% over the next year (Euromonitor

Culture and Communication Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Culture and Communication Research Paper - Essay Example Christianity is one of many religions which thrive in that country. The people are spiritually minded. Hinduism is the religion of the majority with 82% of Indians being Hindus. 12.1% of Indians are Muslims. Those officially following Christianity form a meager 2.3% (Census of India, 2001). For a follower of Jesus (which is what we mean from now on as 'Christian') it is a command and an obligation to share the gospel with others who do not know. According to Mark chapter 16 and verse 15, Jesus has commanded us to 'go into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature'. Yet in a country like India which is deeply entrenched in spirituality there are tremendous challenges to the credibility of the gospel message. We will look at the communication of this message primarily among the Hindus in India The popular perception in India is that Christianity was brought into the country by foreign missionaries who came along with the British East India Company in the early 1700s. The British eventually captured and ruled the country till the mid 1900s. As Wikipedia the online encyclopedia states about that time: "Imbued with an ethnocentric sense of superiority, often known as the White Man's Burden, British intellectuals, including Christian missionaries, sought to bring Western intellectual and technological innovations to Indians, ignoring the fact that the Indian Christian tradition went back to the very beginnings of first century Christian thought" (Wikipedia contributors) Hence although untrue, there is a sense that Christianity is a foreign religion. The fact that the West is predominantly Christian contributes to this perception. Money from the West that has traditionally come in for evangelistic and missionary campaigns also fuels the perception that the financial base of Christianity in India is abroad. As Astrid Lobo Gajiwala an Indian Christian activist writes, ".They just don't see Christians as Indians; they see us as an alien 'other', minions of a white, Christian world that is synonymous with spiritual and racial chauvinism (1998)." Language and attire incompatibility. It cannot be denied that western influence has permanently crept into Indian Christianity. Christian worship is conducted in many languages but English is predominant among them. The exceptions to this are the Tamil, Malayalam and Latin languages which may be more popular in the respective states (Latin is used in Orthodox churches). English has never been in the scheme of things for Hindu worship or religious literature until recently. Christian communities especially Roman Catholics and Goans have predominantly English names and western attire. The communication at home among these communities is predominantly in English. Songs and music Music used for Christian worship has its influence in the West. The songs sung in church are either hymns composed by English or American songwriters in English or contemporary songs again composed in the West in English. Churches depicted in Hindi movies usually have a church organ playing in the background. Local worship songs have begun to gain in popularity but this is a recent though

E-Waste Environmental and Workers issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-Waste Environmental and Workers issues - Essay Example It also presents the brighter side of upgrading e-waste or called e-cycling. Jim Puckett et al (2002) define electronic waste or e-waste as the increasing scope of electronic devices ranging from huge appliances in different households such as refrigerators, air conditioners, mobile hand-held cellular phones, personal stereos, and consumer electronics up to computers. E-waste is dangerous. E-waste consists of 1,000 various substances in which most of these are toxic and contributes to the gravity of pollution when disposed. Some of these toxic chemicals are (1) lead and cadmium found in circuit boards, (2) lead oxide and cadmium in cathode ray tube (CRTs) of monitors, (3) mercury in switches and flat screen monitors, (4) cadmium in computer batteries, (5) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in old capacitors and transformers, and (6) brominated flame retardants on printed circuit boards, plastic casings, cables and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cable insulations. (Puckett et al, 2002) E-waste is produced at alarming rates due to obsolescence. The fast paced development of technology resulted to for many gadgets, hardware systems, computers to be replaced in a short span of time. For example, a computer system which can last for five years or so is replaced in a year or two because of increasing technological developments that produced new and updated products. Also when electronics and other devices break down, the cost of repair can be higher than buying new ones. The high rates of obsolescence increase the volume of waste as compared to consumer goods like food. (Puckett et al, 2002) Puckett et al (2002) discuss that e-waste is produced by three (3) major sectors in the United States: (1) individuals and businesses, (2) large businesses, institutions, and governments, and (3) original equipment manufacturers. For the first sector, the equipments most frequently disposed by households and businesses are computers. The primary reason for this is not because of