Psychological Disorders Bulimia Nervosa vs. Anorexia Nervosa

Introduction Eating disorders are rarely seen by the layman as being psychological in nature. However, as different researches have confirmed, there is a strong correlation of eating disorders with psychological disorders. A study done by Kaye et al (2004) for example established that both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are associated with anxiety disorders. To understand these two eating abnormalities further and their effects on the affected population, this study will review some of the existing literature publishing on the two.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychological Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa vs. Anorexia Nervosa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definitions Anorexia Nervosa According to Eysenck (2004) anorexia nervosa â€Å"is an eating disorder in which the individual is very frightened of becoming fat in spite of having very low body weight† (p. 840). Accordingly, the anorexia n ervosa sufferer has body weight which is less than 85 percent of what would be their normal body weight. People with this condition are known to have a distorted thinking about their body weights and often dismiss any dangers that may arise from being underweight. According to Eysenck (2004), females are more concerned about their body weights and are therefore at an increased risk of suffering from anorexia nervosa. This explains why in the United States 90 percent of anorexia nervosa sufferers are female. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2000, cited by Eysenck, 2004), the age group most affected by this eating disorder falls between ages 14 and 18. Although people with the condition are able to recover if the disorder is properly managed, Eysenck (2004) states that the near starvation state that most anorexics live with during the period of the disorder can be life threatening. Bulimia nervosa Bulimia Nervosa is defined as â€Å"an eating disorder in which there is binge eating and compensatory behavior (e.g. self-induced vomiting) with the intention of preventing weight gain† Eysenck (2004).The criterion used to diagnose Bulimia nervosa includes the presence of binge eating where a person eats too much food within a specific period. Most people who adopt such behavior say they cannot control this kind of eating. Once the eating is done, a person will adopt an inappropriate behavior for purposes of compensating for all the food eaten. The most common compensatory behavior is induced vomiting. Other people however choose to go for long periods without taking another meal. Just like the anorexics, Eysenck (2004) observes that bulimics have a distorted way of self-evaluation, which mainly depends on their body weight or body shape. While anorexics are able to control their eating patterns, bulimic do not usually have control on their eating habits. Before engaging in binge eating, they experience great physical and emotional tension, w hich quickly goes away after they indulge in eating. Eysenck (2004) however notes that the tension is easily replaced by feelings of guilt, depression and self-blame, which often leads them to adopting the compensatory behaviors discussed above.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Just like in anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa is most prevalent in teenagers with most suffered aged between 15 and 21 years old. Women also form the highest number of bulimics. Case studies Swain (2006) conducted a study into the behaviors of people suffering from both Bulimia Nervosa and anorexia nervosa. In her study, she discovered that â€Å"individuals suffering from the two eating disorders commit suicide more often than their counterparts in the general population† (p. 1). In total, Swain estimated that the two eating disorders accounted for 1.8 percent to 7.3 percent of all suicides in the country. The risk factors associated with suicide among people suffering from both bulimia nervosa and anorexic nervosa include major depression, low body mass index, lack of control of their impulses, obsession with specific things, purging, frequent chronic illnesses and drug abuse. According to Swain (2006) there are several studies that clearly show that most anorexia related deaths do not actually occur due to the long starvation periods that anorexics put up with, but most such deaths are suicide related. Although the study did not identify specific studies where bulimia nervosa related deaths were analyzed, Swain (2006) states that suicide attempts were easily found among bulimic patients. The study identified this as a risk factor that would contribute significantly to completed suicides. According to this study, the general population perceives anorexics and bulimics as a people who are intent at destroying their bodies gradually. This means that even the would-be care givers do not think suicide is an immediate consideration to people suffering from the two eating disorders. Swain (2006) holds the opinion that the mere fact that the two eating disorders are associated with depression is evidence enough that there is a risk of suicide. The evidence by Swain is supported by Ratnasuyira et al (1991), who in a study conducted on anorexia nervosa sufferers discovered that 1 out of the 7 patients treated in a specific hospital had died of suicide within a five-year period of treatment. Another patient had died due to nutritional deficiency. When their follow-up was extended over a 20 year period, the number of deaths by suicides among six patients treated for the eating disorder increased to three, while two patients died from electrolyte imbalance in their bodies. The studies by Swain (2006) and Ratnasuyira et al (1991) concluded that patients with eating disorders should have their psychopathology analyzed as one way of preventing the suicide that oc cur within them. In addition to the use of pharmacological interventions, the author recommends the use of psychotherapy and self-esteem enhancing interventions amongst the youth.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychological Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa vs. Anorexia Nervosa specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion Katzman Golden (2008) argues that both Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia nervosa are bio-psychological syndromes which involve the intertwining of a person’s physiological and psychological manifestations. The development of the two disorders in different people is fuelled by varying reasons. Anorexia nervosa for example is caused by a combination of socio-cultural, psychological and biological influences to it. Katzman Golden (2008) argues that a biologically vulnerable person can be easily influenced by psychological predispositions and other influences emanating from the socio-culture thus precipitating unhealthy weight loss. This argument is supported by Strober et al (2000) who found out that there was evidence that partial syndromes of the two eating disorders could be shared among family members. According to Katzman Golden (2008), specific personality traits like low self-esteem, perfectionism, social isolation, self-doubt and obsessive behavior predate the development of anorexia nervosa and often persist even after the patient has been treated. The two authors further claim that â€Å"researchers have found disturbances in neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in patients with anorexia nervosa† (p. 477). Nienstein (2008) argues that while adolescent girls are at increased risk of developing bulimia nervosa, the risks are higher if a person had persistent eating problems in childhood. A negative body image, dissatisfaction with one’s body and the pressure imposed by society for one to be thin increases the chances of people developing bulimia. Having suffered stressful events in one’s family, family disputes and impulsivity also places one at an increased risk of developing bulimia. Neinstein (2008) also draws a connection of family history where teenagers in homes where someone has a history of eating disorder are more likely to develop bulimia. Conclusion The psychiatric conditions identified with Bulimia nervosa include the Kleine-Levin syndrome, borderline personality disorder, depression, binge-eating disorder and purging or anorexic tendencies. Psychologist contends that both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa share similar characteristics in that patients experience fear of gaining weight. In addition, their self-evaluation is based on their weights or body shapes. Once they are dissatisfied with the way their bodies are, then they persist with the eating disorders. The body is usually a source of human satisfaction especially in a society where an ideal body size is populariz ed in the media. People with what is perceived as ideal body sizes have a reason to preserve their bodies and life. Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Those who think their bodies do not meet the ideal standard however usually have a rough time trying to fit in and may engage in self-destructive behaviors. As observed in the case study analyzed herein, there is quite significant of suicides that happen in bulimic and anorexic patients. The treatment for the same would therefore have to be psychological in nature. References Eysenck, M. (2004). Psychology: an international perspective. New York: Taylor Francis. Katzman, D. Golden, N. (2008). Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. In Neinstein, L. Adolescent health Care: a practical guide. New York: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Neinstein, L. (2008). Adolescent health Care: a practical guide. New York: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Ratnasuyira, R.H., Eisler, I., Szmukler, G.I Russell, G. (1991). Anorexia nervosa: outcome and prognostic factors after 20 years. British Journal of Psychiatry 158: 495-502. Strober, M et al. (2000). Controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulim ia nervosa: evidence of shared liability and transmission of partial syndromes. The American Journal of psychiatry 157: 393-401. Swain, P. (2006). Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A new research. New York: Nova publishers This research paper on Psychological Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa vs. Anorexia Nervosa was written and submitted by user Tobias Johns to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why Almost Everything Youve Learned About Persuasive Essay Sports Topics Is Wrong and What You Should Know

Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Persuasive Essay Sports Topics Is Wrong and What You Should Know Naturally, giving an excellent persuasive speech requires more than simply selecting an excellent topic. Persuasive essays are a fantastic means to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. Students may order persuasive essay models so as to receive a better feeling of what it is that they should do, since professional persuasive essays will be missing lots of the errors that amateurish writers are often likely to make themselves. One other important aspect when picking a persuasive speech topic is to select a topic that could provoke your audience a little. Pick the one which you believe you can offer strong points that will persuade your audience. Obviously, it's the topics you may have a tiny laugh about! Even in case you give an outstanding speech, it will be more difficult to continue to keep your audience interested should they feel like they already understand what you're likely to say. To begin with, if you're arranging a persuasive speech, you ought to think about a topic that may create mental pictures in the minds of your audience. The Advantages of Persuasive Essay Sports Topics Folks take part in various sports for various factors. Children learn how to communicate with many diverse sorts of people through sports. Let's say you think that Mexican-American relations must be improved. When it's our own health or the well-being of a loved one, there are lots of things to consider and research on. Sports research paper topics cover a wide selection of fields. There are several powerful topic that you're able to write about in regards to sports. It may be intriguing to discuss the significance of sports in student's life and handle a few of the problems that college students face in college. By the time children get to the age of twelve, they might have been engaged in youth sports for around eight years allowing them to get a strong foundation of motivation. At exactly the same time, there are students who are interested in sports but aren't excellent writers. The Advantages of Persuasive Essay Sports Topics Discriminating against boys or girls accessing the broad selection of sporting activities would be entirely unjust. The truth is that girls are equally as interested in sports as boys are at a young age, on the whole. Sports have been demonstrated to raise the age of first sexual intercourse and athletes are much less-likely to find pregnant. Sports help kids to understand how to budget their time. Usually, you wouldn't have the ability to write about a whole sport in only 1 essay even when you wished to. You should settle on a persuasive essay topic that enables you to present the greatest possible case. So locating the very best persuasive essay topics is important. There are several persuasive essay topics to select from to finish your high school or college assignment. If you opt to work on a financial subject, you must know about the subject. With all these things to argue about and for, it may be a bit overwhelming to produce a topic by yourself. To the contrary, you might not have been extended a specific topic whatsoever. In the actual sense, it's tricky to decide on a fantastic persuasive essay topic from numerous excellent topic ideas. What you have to do is present your argument on a specific issue then persuade your audience your claim is the correct one. The very first thing is to realize the topic you've selected and its principal function. Any idea can prove to be a terrific foundation for a topic. The point is that you would like to convince the reader your argument is the perfect one, and that means you'll absolutely want to choose a topic that you're passionate about and something which you'll become excited about researching and writing. Choosing Good Persuasive Essay Sports Topics To help students just like you find debatable topics, we've gathered a broad range of ideas on distinct subjects and academic levels. Students often stress about searching for utile persuasive essay tips and searching for ideas since they feel it's an uphill job, but the secret is to understand the essence and generate a suitable outline first by planning for it correctly. A good deal of students have a tendency to find writing a persuasive essay somewhat challenging because of the essence of the essay and its dynamics. A student can use any main sources which include a relevant, up-to-date details. School should happen in the evenings. Schools should not have anything to do with ads. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. They should be careful about posting on social media.

Key Issues in Workplace Communication Research Paper Topics

Key Issues in Workplace Communication Research Paper TopicsWorkplace communication research paper topics often center on key issues in an organization. Key issues can cover anything from the status of a project to personal health concerns. This is why it is important to consider the importance of the key issues at hand when preparing your research paper. Your workplace communication research paper topics should be chosen based on the overall goals of the organization.Effective communication is crucial to your overall productivity. Some key issues you need to address our internal communications, external communications, and the overall staff/employee communication. These are critical aspects to your success as an employee. By addressing these key issues, your workforce will be able to be more productive.In addition to these workplace communication research paper topics, you should also consider the benefits that the participants of your study will gain. A benefit is simply a break fro m work. Everyone benefits from breaks from work. You may also consider a personal benefit of your study to individuals who are involved in your research. This will help you frame the issue in a unique way and provide you with an effective presentation.One of the most important aspects of workplace communication research paper topics is to recognize the time and location for your research session. Remember that your results are more likely to be accurate if you schedule the session at a convenient time. It is important to be certain that your research session occurs during times when there is minimal supervision.Workplace communication research paper topics are important because you will be conducting research that is applicable to your industry. In order to determine the right keywords and key phrases to use, it is necessary to know your target audience. It is also important to determine how best to design your research.Many times, your research paper topics will involve incorporati ng surveys and focus groups into your plan. However, you will also need to consider what forms of communication will be used. While it is not wise to design your research around specific media, such as newspapers, you should still take the time to incorporate them into your presentation. It is important to understand how to design your presentation so that it is easily understood by the people in attendance.For most workplaces, workplace communication research paper topics require significant manpower. Therefore, you may find it helpful to hire several people to help you organize and complete your research papers. It is possible to conduct research yourself, but it can be difficult to make a dent in the daunting workload. Having the assistance of other people will allow you to devote your attention to other more pressing matters.Lastly, you should ensure that your workplace communication research paper topics are written in a clear and concise manner. The readers will appreciate thi s. For this reason, it is important to make sure that the research paper topics are clear and well written. Your readers will appreciate this.

Finding Persuasive Essay Topics For 4th Grade

Finding Persuasive Essay Topics For 4th GradePersuasive essay topics for 4th grade are an important part of the learning process. Some students may feel that this is a boring subject, but the truth is that every student, even those who have not even finished the 4th grade, has to read and write about some topic at some point in their lives. This is not going to be a problem for the younger class, but as the students progress through the grades, they should start looking for essay topics that will help them learn something new.Writing persuasive essays is actually fairly easy if you know what to focus on and how to present your ideas. Using good research, having a passion for the topic and writing with good grammar are all important things that will help you make a good argument. Good writing skills and the ability to express yourself clearly and effectively are just as important. Learning these basic skills will also help you learn how to write persuasive essays without having to spe nd hours of practice time trying to figure out what makes a good argument.Once you have the basic information about the topic, you can start making some connections and asking questions that people will be able to answer for you. There are many persuasive essay topics for 4th grade that involve various other subjects that can help you express your knowledge in a more succinct way. A good essay, no matter how big or small, will get people to listen to you and respond to your arguments.When you begin your search for persuasive essay topics for 4th grade, you will notice that there are some choices that seem a little bit off the wall. Maybe you would like to write about your pet turtle or a trip you took to visit your grandparents. There are several reasons why this might be a good idea. The main reason being that you want to convey an image that is memorable to the readers.Thinking about the subjects that are used as persuasive essay topics for 4th grade, you will find that there are many subjects that the average reader would enjoy learning about. A parent would like to know what it feels like to get a high score on a math test. A teenager would like to learn about a dance that they were very excited about. Knowing the subject in-depth is only going to help you talk about it in a more interesting way and will help them visualize and experience the feeling that you have.Most students know that the best essay topics for 4th grade are those that are based on real world situations. For example, if you were to write an essay about the benefits of playing football, chances are that your essay would be able to make more sense if you were to write about how much fun football was. This is why using sports to write your essay topics for 4th grade is such a great idea.Speaking of sports, how about some sports related topics as persuasive essay topics for 4th grade? If you love to play a sport, it is probably very hard to fit it into your essay, so if you can add sports to your topic then you are automatically getting extra space. Some other sports topics that could work well include boxing, martial arts, wrestling, football, baseball, etc.Now that you know that there are several persuasive essay topics for 4th grade, what type of essay do you want to write? Do you want to make a persuasive argument or is it more about a specific event that happened in your life? Either way, you should find out which types of topics are available to you by looking through different sources and reading up on the topic.

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics With Sources

Compare and Contrast Essay Topics With SourcesIn a way, it is easy to compare and contrast essay topics with sources. A teacher who uses a sample assignment to evaluate the work of a student may not even need to ask the student to supply a source of his own work. The final grade that is given is based solely on the student's response to the test and the lesson plan.All of the writing assignments for college students have some sort of paper as their main course material. Every student who takes an SAT or ACT test must write an essay related to the course. These writing assignments are often compared to other essays written in the same class or similar courses. Writing an essay with a similar format will increase the chances of the student passing the exam. Students are encouraged to give many different thoughts and views about a topic.The science writing samples and examples that are available online are helpful when students are asked to compare and contrast their writing with a scie ntific paper or journal article. One of the best ways to compare and contrast essay topics with sources is to check out the biology websites. This is because the first few pages of these websites are devoted to articles about different topics that will help a student to compare and contrast essay topics with sources. Students can use biology websites as examples that they can use to compare and contrast their writing with.The best way to compare and contrast essay topics with sources is to start with a sample assignment that is within the student's current reading level. When a student is asked to write an essay, he or she should be able to start with an assignment that is near his or her ability level. Writing an essay about a topic that is close to a student's current reading level will teach him or her to move beyond his or her current level. By moving beyond his or her current level, a student will be better able to find the best sources to help with the essay.It is important fo r a student to know the exact level that he or she is in to help a student compare and contrast essay topics with sources for a final exam. Students should feel comfortable with his or her reading level. It is also important for students to have a copy of the assigned book to reference in the final exam.Students should also learn to include the sources from a science research paper as well as a news article in the assignment. As students become more confident with their writing abilities, they can provide the reader with several examples of where they might be able to find sources. This will help the student to make a stronger comparison and contrast between essays.Students should take advantage of the resources that are available. They should look at the science and news websites to see if there are any articles that they can include in their essay. Many students are able to use writing samples that are linked from the websites to their assignments. By using the available resources , students can compare and contrast essay topics with sources.

The House of Atreus in Classical Greek Tragedy

The House of Atreus in Classical Greek Tragedy Today we are so familiar with plays and movies that it may be difficult to imagine a time when theatrical productions were still new. Like many of the public gatherings in the ancient world, the original productions in Greek theaters were rooted in religion. The City Dionysia Festival It didnt matter that they already knew how the story ended. Athenian audiences of up to 18,000 spectators expected to watch familiar old stories when they attended the Great or City Dionysia festival in March. It was the job of the playwright to interpret familiar myth, slices (temache) from the great banquets of Homer, in such a way as to win the dramatic contest that was the center of the festival. Tragedy lacks a spirit of revelry, so each of 3 competing playwrights produced a lighter, farcical satyr play in addition to three tragedies. Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the three tragedians whose works survive, won first prizes between 480 B.C. and the end of the 5th century. All three wrote plays that depended on thorough familiarity with a central myth, the House of Atreus: Aeschylus Agamemnon, Libation Bearers (Choephoroi), and EumenidesSophocles ElectraEuripides ElectraEuripides OrestesEuripides Iphigenia in Aulis The House of Atreus For generations, these god-defying descendants of Tantalus committed unspeakable crimes that cried out for revenge: brother against brother, father against son, father against daughter, son against mother. It all began with Tantalus- whose name is preserved in the English word tantalize, which describes the punishment he suffered in the Underworld. Tantalus served up his son Pelops as a meal to the gods to test their omniscience. Demeter alone failed the test and so  when Pelops was restored to life, he had to make do with an ivory shoulder. The sister of Pelops happens to have been Niobe who was turned to a weeping rock when  her hubris led to the death of all 14 of her children. When it came time for Pelops to marry, he chose Hippodamia, the daughter of Oenomaus, king of Pisa (near the site of the future ancient Olympics). Unfortunately, the king lusted after his own daughter and contrived to murder all her more appropriate suitors during a (fixed) race. Pelops had to win this race to Mt. Olympus in order to win his bride, and he did- by loosening the lynchpins in Oenomaus chariot, thereby killing his would-be father-in-law. In the process, he added more curses to the family inheritance. Pelops and Hippodamia had two sons, Thyestes and Atreus, who murdered an illegitimate son of Pelops to please their mother. Then they went into exile in Mycenae, where their brother-in-law held the throne. When he died, Atreus finagled control of the kingdom, but Thyestes seduced Atreus wife, Aerope, and stole Atreus golden fleece. Thyestes went into exile, again. Eventually, believing himself forgiven, he returned and ate the meal to which his brother had invited him. When the final course was brought in, the identity of Thyestes meal was revealed, for the platter contained the heads of all his children except the infant, Aegisthus. Adding another creepy element to the mix, Aegisthus may have been Thyestes son by his own daughter. Thyestes cursed his brother and fled. The Next Generation Atreus had two sons, Menelaus and Agamemnon, who married the royal Spartan sisters, Helen and Clytemnestra. Helen was captured by Paris (or left willingly), thereby starting the Trojan War. Unfortunately, the king of Mycenae, Agamemnon, and the cuckolded king of Sparta, Menelaus, couldnt get the warships moving across the Aegean. They were stuck at Aulis because of adverse winds. Their seer explained that Agamemnon had offended Artemis and must sacrifice his daughter to propitiate the deity. Agamemnon was willing, but his wife wasnt, so he had to trick her into sending their daughter Iphigenia, whom he then sacrificed to the goddess. After the sacrifice, the winds came up and the ships sailed to Troy. The war lasted 10 years during which time Clytemnestra took a lover, Aegisthus, the lone survivor of Atreus feast, and sent her son, Orestes, away. Agamemnon took a war prize mistress, as well, Cassandra, whom he brought home with him at the end of the war. Cassandra and Agamemnon were murdered upon their return by either Clytemnestra or Aegisthus. Orestes, having first obtained the blessing of Apollo, returned home to exact revenge on his mother. But the Eumenides (Furies)- only doing their job with respect to a matricide- pursued Orestes and drove him mad. Orestes and his divine protector turned to Athena to arbitrate the dispute. Athena appealed to a human court, the Areopagus, whose jurors were split. Athena cast the deciding vote in favor of Orestes. This decision is upsetting to modern women because Athena, who had been born from the head of her father, judged mothers less important than fathers in the production of children. However we might feel about it, what was important was that it put an end to the chain of cursed events.

James West and the Invention of the Microphone

James West and the Invention of the Microphone James Edward West, Ph.D., was a Bell Laboratories Fellow at Lucent Technologies where he specialized in electro, physical and architectural acoustics. He retired in 2001 after dedicated more than 40 years to the company. He then took a position as a research professor with Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering.   Born in Prince Edward County, Virginia on February 10, 1931, West attended Temple University and interned at Bell Labs during his summer breaks. Upon his graduation in 1957, he joined Bell Labs and began work in electroacoustics, physical acoustics, and architectural acoustics. In conjunction with Gerhard Sessler, West patented the electret microphone in 1964 while working at Bell Laboratories. West’s Research   Wests research in the early 1960s led to the development of the foil electret transducers for sound recording and voice communication that are used in 90 percent all microphones built today. These electrets are also at the heart of most telephones now being manufactured. The new microphone became widely used because of its high performance, accuracy, and reliability. It also cost little to produce, and it was small and light weight. The electret transducer began as the result of an accident, like many notable inventions. West was fooling around with a radio – he loved taking things apart and putting them back together as a child, or at least attempting to put them back together. In this instance, he became acquainted with electricity, something that would fascinate him for years.   West’s Microphone   James West joined forces with Sessler while he was at Bell. Their goal was to develop a compact, sensitive microphone that wouldn’t cost a fortune to produce. They completed development of their electret microphone in 1962 – it worked on the basis of the electret transducers they had developed – and they began production of the device in 1969. Their invention became the standard of the industry. The vast majority of microphones used today in everything from baby monitors and hearing aids to telephones, camcorders and tape recorders all use Bell’s technology. James West holds 47 U.S. patents and more than 200 foreign patents on microphones and techniques for making polymer ​foil electrets. He has authored more than 100 papers and has contributed to books on acoustics, solid-state physics, and material science. He has received numerous awards, including the Golden Torch Award in 1998 sponsored by the National Society of Black Engineers, and the Lewis Howard Latimer Light Switch and Socket Award in 1989. He was chosen New Jersey Inventor of the Year in 1995 and was inducted into the Inventors Hall of Fame in 1999. He was appointed president of the Acoustical Society of American in 1997 and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Both James  West and Gerhard Sessler were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1999.